翻譯:建筑類型和設(shè)計(jì)建筑物與人們有著緊密的聯(lián)系,他為人們提供必要的空間,用以工作和生活。根據(jù)適用類型不同,建筑物可以分為兩類:工業(yè)建筑和民用建筑。工業(yè)建筑包括各個(gè)工廠或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)所使用建筑,民用建筑是指那些人們用以居住,就業(yè),教育

我的 5000字關(guān)于土木工程類的英語(yǔ)論文,并帶中文翻譯 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻(xiàn)郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激

David Ross Robinson & Cole, LLP Abstract:Provides a systematic presentation of the economic field of industrial organization, which is concerned with how productive activities are brought into harmony with the demand

有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬(wàn)分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬(wàn)分感謝!!! 展開(kāi)  我來(lái)答 2個(gè)回答 #熱議# 你發(fā)朋友圈會(huì)使用部分人可見(jiàn)功能嗎?夢(mèng)色馨緣 2014-03-29 · TA獲

業(yè)主的代表,會(huì)給建設(shè)工程作最后檢查。如果他們滿意并認(rèn)為符合合同文件,那么業(yè)主接受該項(xiàng)目,并交給總承包商的一個(gè)占用證書,這表明,總承包商已完成建設(shè),建設(shè)部門再根據(jù)建筑規(guī)范的要求發(fā)放最后付款。請(qǐng)采納。 已贊過(guò) 已踩過(guò)< 你對(duì)這個(gè)回

Engineersconsider many factors when developing a new product. For example, in developing an industrial robot, engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the robot抯 components; integrate

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

誰(shuí)能給我給我兩篇土木工程英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)要有翻譯的!要求1000字

一是建筑設(shè)計(jì)：平面、立面、剖面及屋頂平面；二是結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)：荷載計(jì)算及內(nèi)力分析及吊車梁的設(shè)計(jì)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)等方面。Abstract reinforced concrete structure is a sin*** industrial plant in the common structure. Especially in

教材層次分明、條理清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)合理,既考慮了大土木工程專業(yè)的整體性,又結(jié)合現(xiàn)階段課程設(shè)置的實(shí)際情況,在土木工程的框架內(nèi),建筑工程、道路工程、橋梁工程、地下工程等自成體系,便于組織教學(xué)。 錢昆潤(rùn)等.建筑施工組織與計(jì)劃.南京:東南大學(xué)

serious problems from environmental attack may be presented which significantly decrease their durability and service lifetime.混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)除了通常的強(qiáng)度問(wèn)題外，壞境侵襲也是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。不管是不是地震，這種侵襲帶來(lái)的

早期彈性波速的混凝土樁 恩斯特Niederleithinger * ，亞歷山大Taffe 聯(lián)邦材料研究與測(cè)試（巴姆） ，軍火市場(chǎng)四.4 ，菩提樹下大街Eichen 87 ， 12205柏林，德國(guó) 摘要 低應(yīng)變樁身完整性測(cè)試方法用于質(zhì)量控制的新樁以及長(zhǎng)度和完

其例子包括結(jié)構(gòu)的局部屈曲和整體不穩(wěn)定性;某此界面失效,隨后結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)構(gòu);疲勞破壞;引起結(jié)構(gòu)幾何形狀顯著變化的彈性變形或塑性變形或徐變;結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)交變荷載、火災(zāi)和爆炸的敏感性。 (2)使用極限狀態(tài),它對(duì)應(yīng)著結(jié)構(gòu)的使用功能和耐久性。器例

在工程項(xiàng)目開(kāi)始之前,要做好建筑設(shè)計(jì)和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建筑建成后是什么樣子以及下一步應(yīng)該做什么。在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中要特別重視房間的布局,其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個(gè)住宅建筑設(shè)計(jì)中,布局可考慮以下三個(gè)方面: “白

an optimization method for an optimal topology design of multistory steel frame bracing systems is presented.On a sensitivity analysis,

求土木工程框架結(jié)構(gòu)方面的外文翻譯 原文譯文都要 謝謝了!!!!!

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

2013-06-01 求一篇土木工程的外文文獻(xiàn),要求帶中英文翻譯,外文文獻(xiàn)參考文獻(xiàn) 2010-06-12 求一篇土木工程英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)用的 23 2017-03-02 求一篇土木工程英文原版文獻(xiàn)+翻譯(英文15000字符以上,4更多類似問(wèn)題 > 為你

建筑承包商雇用的勞動(dòng)力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中從事技術(shù)活,如木工,管道工,工會(huì)成員和電工工會(huì),小工則執(zhí)行了分配給他們的工作。在施工期間,一切工作都要驗(yàn)收。因此,業(yè)主通過(guò)建筑師和監(jiān)理經(jīng)常進(jìn)行督查?？赡苁敲麨楣こ虇T,建筑

[1] Allen H G and Bulson P S.Background to Bucking London Mcraw-Hill(UK) 1980 [2] David. I. Keli Lan Yang Aihua. Project Management Strategy and Implementation. China Machine Press 2002 (The

土木工程外文文獻(xiàn)

The latter two factors have a varying tendency to reduce the proportion of unstable material.后兩個(gè)因素往往會(huì)極大地影響其組成含量的比率。Relief地貌 also influences the nature of a gravel deposit,for example ,

1． 磨擦系數(shù) coefficient of friction 在兩物體接觸面上的摩擦力與法向壓力的比值。2． 質(zhì)量密度 mass density來(lái)源： examda 單位體積材料（包括巖石和土）的質(zhì)量，簡(jiǎn)稱密度。3． 重力密度 force (weight) density

1. 混合結(jié)構(gòu) mixed structure 不同材料的構(gòu)件或部件混合組成的結(jié)構(gòu)。2. 板柱結(jié)構(gòu) slab-colume system 由樓板和柱（無(wú)梁）組成承重體系的房屋結(jié)構(gòu)，如升板結(jié)構(gòu)、無(wú)梁樓蓋結(jié)構(gòu)、整體預(yù)應(yīng)力板柱結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 框架結(jié)構(gòu) frame struc

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

第四節(jié) 橋、涵洞和隧道術(shù)語(yǔ) 1. 橋 bridge 為公路、鐵路、城市道路、管線、行人等跨越河流、山谷、道路等天然或人工障礙而建造的架空建筑物。2. 簡(jiǎn)支梁橋 simple supported girder bridge 以簡(jiǎn)支梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)的主要承重構(gòu)件

土木工程外文翻譯加譯文

　　building types and design 　　A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in . 　　As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities . 　　Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types sin***-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used . 　　Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. 　　Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center . 　　In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred sin***-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms . 　　Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done. 　　An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms . 　　It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably ** south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on . 　　There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare . 　　翻譯： 　　建筑類型和設(shè)計(jì) 　　建筑物與人們有著緊密的聯(lián)系，他為人們提供必要的空間，用以工作和生活。 　　根據(jù)適用類型不同，建筑物可以分為兩類：工業(yè)建筑和民用建筑。工業(yè)建筑包括各個(gè)工廠或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人們用以居住，就業(yè)，教育和其他社會(huì)活動(dòng)的建筑場(chǎng)所。 　　工業(yè)建筑的廠房可用于采礦業(yè)，冶金工業(yè)，機(jī)械制造，化學(xué)工業(yè)和紡織工業(yè)等各類領(lǐng)域的加工和制造。廠房可分為兩種類型：?jiǎn)螌拥暮投鄬拥?。工業(yè)建筑也屬于建筑的一種。但是，工業(yè)建筑與民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。 　　民用建筑按使用可分為兩大類：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要適應(yīng)家庭生活。每個(gè)單位應(yīng)包括至少三個(gè)必要客房：起居室，廚房和廁所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活動(dòng)，管理工作和其他服務(wù)，如學(xué)校，寫字樓，公園，醫(yī)院，商店，車站，劇院，體育館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等。他們都有著不同的職能，這反過(guò)來(lái)又需要不同的設(shè)計(jì)類型。 　　房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的內(nèi)容，但今天人們需要更多的住房?jī)?nèi)容。一個(gè)家庭在進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的社區(qū)后將知道，現(xiàn)有住房不僅要符合其安全，健康和舒適等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。還要考慮其附近是否有相應(yīng)的配套設(shè)施，如食品市場(chǎng)，學(xué)校，商店，圖書館，電影院，以及社區(qū)中心等。 　　在60年代中期住房最重要的價(jià)值是足夠大的空間和方便的出入交通。大多數(shù)家庭會(huì)首選約半英畝面積土地的家庭住宅，這樣將提供足夠的空間的用以業(yè)余活動(dòng)。在高度工業(yè)化的國(guó)家，許多家庭的首選是那種盡可能遠(yuǎn)離市中心商業(yè)圈的住房，即使距離上班地點(diǎn)不得不有一段距離。相當(dāng)多的家庭首選是郊區(qū)的住房，因?yàn)樗麄兊闹饕康氖且h(yuǎn)離噪音，擁擠和混亂。擁有方便的公共交通使得距離不再是一個(gè)決定性因素，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人都是開(kāi)著自己的汽車去上班了。人們現(xiàn)在主要感興趣的是戶型，房間的大小和臥室的數(shù)目。 　　在工程項(xiàng)目開(kāi)始之前，要做好建筑設(shè)計(jì)和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建筑建成后是什么樣子以及下一步應(yīng)該做什么。 　　在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中要特別重視房間的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個(gè)住宅建筑設(shè)計(jì)中，布局可考慮以下三個(gè)方面： “白天” ， “夜晚”和“服務(wù)”。必須注意這些空間區(qū)域之間的連通交流。 “白天”房一般包括餐廳，起居室和廚房，但其他房間可能會(huì)增加，如書房，并有可能成為一個(gè)大廳。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一個(gè)餐廳，也或可能有廚房、凹室等。 “夜間”房間包括臥室、客房?！胺?wù)”用房間包括廚房，浴室，儲(chǔ)藏室 ，和廁所等。廚房和儲(chǔ)藏室需設(shè)置在一起，以方便其房間功能的使用。 　　此外，還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問(wèn)題，當(dāng)然最好盡可能的將那些經(jīng)常使用的房間朝南設(shè)置。然而，在考慮到周圍的環(huán)境和地點(diǎn)、道路等多方面因素，往往很難達(dá)到最佳要求。在解決這些復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題，還必須按照當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘幸?guī)劃條例所涉及的對(duì)公共設(shè)施，人口密度，建筑物高度，綠化面積，建筑紅線等的要求，還要考慮到有相鄰建筑的情況，等等。 　　盡管工業(yè)建筑需要符合當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘幸?guī)劃條例但很少有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的工業(yè)樓宇。現(xiàn)代廠房建筑的趨勢(shì)是輕質(zhì)、通風(fēng)。一般的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)或鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的工廠，可以得到一個(gè)“跌”型脊屋頂，把窗戶開(kāi)向北以便使分布均勻的自然采光不會(huì)直射進(jìn)來(lái)造成刺眼。
現(xiàn)在的百度翻譯基本能滿足土木工程中英文的翻譯。我論文的英文摘要就是直接百度翻譯的，只需要修改幾個(gè)專業(yè)名詞就可以了。
恩，好的 吧，土木工程畢業(yè)論文參考文獻(xiàn)資料有一份.
我只知道中文的，你可以看下（土木工程），OA期刊，可以免費(fèi)下載文獻(xiàn)
童鞋你好！ 這個(gè)估計(jì)需要自己搜索了！ 網(wǎng)上基本很難找到免費(fèi)給你服務(wù)的！ 我在這里給你點(diǎn)搜索國(guó)際上常用的外文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)： ---------------------------------------------------------- ❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ❷Elsevier SDOL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) IEEE/IEE(IEL) ❸EBSCOhost RSC英國(guó)皇家化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì) ❹ACM美國(guó)計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)會(huì) ASCE美國(guó)土木工程師學(xué)會(huì) ❺Springer電子期刊 WorldSciNet電子期刊全文庫(kù) ❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary電子圖書 ❼ProQuest學(xué)位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) ❽國(guó)道外文專題數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) CALIS西文期刊目次數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) ❾推薦使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 中文翻譯得自己做了，實(shí)在不成就***翻譯。 弄完之后，自己閱讀幾遍弄順了就成啦！ 學(xué)校以及老師都不會(huì)看這個(gè)東西的！ 外文翻譯不是論文的主要內(nèi)容！ 所以，很容易過(guò)去的！ 祝你好運(yùn)！
自己去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下載啊 或者到知網(wǎng)，維普等中文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下載 很多的，校園網(wǎng)內(nèi)免費(fèi)獲取 校園網(wǎng)外可以利用goo***學(xué)術(shù)搜索，有部分能免費(fèi)下載
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. History of civil engineering Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields. Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations. .不謝。望采納。。。。。。
自己去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下載啊 或者到知網(wǎng)，維普等中文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下載 很多的，校園網(wǎng)內(nèi)免費(fèi)獲取 校園網(wǎng)外可以利用goo***學(xué)術(shù)搜索，有部分能免費(fèi)下載 僅供參考~