你知道用英文怎樣告訴他人,工程師和土木工程師是干什么的嗎?SO,here:Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between

我的 求土木工程論文相關(guān)的翻譯 180 英文原版,出處,作者。5000字以上。英文原版需要期刊號(hào)。需要中英文對(duì)應(yīng)!中英文均需要5000字以上! 英文原版,出處,作者。5000字以上。英文原版需要期刊號(hào)。需要中英文對(duì)應(yīng)! 中英文均需要5000字以

There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻(xiàn)郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

我急需一篇關(guān)于土木工程的中英文翻譯論文 5000字 畢業(yè)用的

第九節(jié) 結(jié)構(gòu)上的作用、作用代表值和作用效應(yīng)術(shù)語(yǔ) 工程結(jié)構(gòu)上的作用,作用代表值和作用效應(yīng)術(shù)語(yǔ)及其涵義應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:1. 作用 action 施加在結(jié)構(gòu)上的一組集中力或分布力,或引起結(jié)構(gòu)外加變形或約束變形的原因.前者稱直接作用

第七節(jié) 地基和基礎(chǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ) 工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的地基和基礎(chǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)及其涵義,應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定:1. 擴(kuò)展(擴(kuò)大)基礎(chǔ) spread foundation 將塊石或混凝土砌筑的截面適當(dāng)擴(kuò)大,以適應(yīng)地基容許承載能力或變形的天然地基基礎(chǔ).2. 剛性基礎(chǔ) rigid

土木工程英文 “ciil engineering”翻譯為“土木工程”，要從兩個(gè)方面來(lái)看成因。①“civil engineering”及相關(guān)詞匯的含義在不斷發(fā)展變化。②從西文翻譯為東方文字（中文/日文）時(shí)的考量與變化。有答主提到，“civil”在“civil

第五節(jié) 水工期建筑物術(shù)語(yǔ) 1．壩 dam 阻攔或攔蓄水充、壅高或調(diào)節(jié)上游水位的擋水建筑物。頂部不泄水的稱非溢流壩，頂部泄水的稱溢流壩。2．壩軸線 dam axis 代表壩位置的一條橫貫河谷的線。3．重力壩 gravity dam 主要

1． 磨擦系數(shù) coefficient of friction 在兩物體接觸面上的摩擦力與法向壓力的比值。2． 質(zhì)量密度 mass density來(lái)源： examda 單位體積材料（包括巖石和土）的質(zhì)量，簡(jiǎn)稱密度。3． 重力密度 force (weight) density

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

第四節(jié) 橋、涵洞和隧道術(shù)語(yǔ) 1. 橋 bridge 為公路、鐵路、城市道路、管線、行人等跨越河流、山谷、道路等天然或人工障礙而建造的架空建筑物。2. 簡(jiǎn)支梁橋 simple supported girder bridge 以簡(jiǎn)支梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)的主要承重構(gòu)件

土木工程外文翻譯加譯文

翻譯:建筑類型和設(shè)計(jì)建筑物與人們有著緊密的聯(lián)系,他為人們提供必要的空間,用以工作和生活。根據(jù)適用類型不同,建筑物可以分為兩類:工業(yè)建筑和民用建筑。工業(yè)建筑包括各個(gè)工廠或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)所使用建筑,民用建筑是指那些人們用以居住,就業(yè),教育

小弟跪求大哥,大姐們幫幫我,急求一份土木工程外文翻譯加譯文,25號(hào)要交,我的油箱是xjfeng1986@163 .QQ375125487謝謝幫我一下感激不盡急急急 小弟跪求大哥,大姐們幫幫我,急求一份土木工程外文翻譯加譯文,25號(hào)要交,我的油箱是

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻(xiàn)郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

求兩篇土木工程的外文文獻(xiàn),最好關(guān)于施工組織設(shè)計(jì)或管理的,每篇翻譯成中文2000字左右。 最好帶上中文翻譯的,有的請(qǐng)發(fā)郵箱saizth7788@163 ,在線急等。 最好帶上中文翻譯的,有的請(qǐng)發(fā)郵箱saizth7788@163 ,在線急等。 展開

Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance F.M. Scherer affiliation not provided to SSRN David Ross Robinson & Cole, LLP Abstract:Provides a systematic presentation of the economic field of industrial organ

建筑承包商雇用的勞動(dòng)力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中從事技術(shù)活,如木工,管道工,工會(huì)成員和電工工會(huì),小工則執(zhí)行了分配給他們的工作。在施工期間,一切工作都要驗(yàn)收。因此,業(yè)主通過建筑師和監(jiān)理經(jīng)常進(jìn)行督查?？赡苁敲麨楣こ虇T,建筑

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

求一份土木工程外文文獻(xiàn)最好帶中文翻譯的

1.2土方工程 由于和土木工程中任何其他工種的施工方法與費(fèi)用相比較,土方挖運(yùn)的施工方法與費(fèi)用的變化都要快得多,因此對(duì)于有事業(yè)心的人來(lái)說(shuō),土方工程是一個(gè)可以大有作為的領(lǐng)域。在1935年,目前采用的利用輪胎式機(jī)械設(shè)備進(jìn)行土方挖運(yùn)的方法

如今。如果他們失敗了，整個(gè)工程正處于危險(xiǎn)之中。巨大的資產(chǎn)，依靠正確履行這些深 基礎(chǔ)。由于修理或改進(jìn)的基礎(chǔ)是 困難和昂貴的質(zhì)量控制是一個(gè)重要問題。印第安納州 許多國(guó)家的非破壞性檢測(cè)（ NDT ）方法 如跨孔聲波測(cè)井（

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

下一步,該網(wǎng)架是為建設(shè)工程準(zhǔn)備的。這項(xiàng)工作為地下室開挖和基礎(chǔ)開挖的深度,以及公用事業(yè)管道轉(zhuǎn)移找到正確的標(biāo)高。深挖掘,土方支撐,底部排出。建筑開始于基礎(chǔ)上,然后是承重墻和結(jié)構(gòu)框架的施工。**,樓梯,或電梯的安裝,可讓施工人員往返于

此外,還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問題,當(dāng)然最好盡可能的將那些經(jīng)常使用的房間朝南設(shè)置。然而,在考慮到周圍的環(huán)境和地點(diǎn)、道路等多方面因素,往往很難達(dá)到最佳要求。在解決這些復(fù)雜的問題,還必須按照當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘幸?guī)劃條例所涉及的對(duì)公共設(shè)施,人口密

an optimization method for an optimal topology design of multistory steel frame bracing systems is presented.On a sensitivity analysis,

求土木工程框架結(jié)構(gòu)方面的外文翻譯 原文譯文都要 謝謝了!!!!!

從事分包的承建商則需承擔(dān)建造工程所需的各個(gè)工作。例如,管道承包商安裝水管,電業(yè)承辦商安裝電氣系統(tǒng),電梯則由電梯承包商安裝。他們與總承包商簽訂合同,費(fèi)用由總承包商支付。 有時(shí)候,除了一個(gè)總承包商,還有各種專業(yè)承包商,如電氣和機(jī)械

in at about 20 percent less than estimated. The Transportation Department looked at the share that went to the Federal Aviation Administration for runway repairs. The money the FAA thought would complete 300

姚剛.土木工程施工技術(shù).北京:人民交通出版社,2005,3 土木工程施工是土木工程專業(yè)的一門主干課。其主要任務(wù)是研究土木工程施工技術(shù)和施工組織的一般規(guī)律;土木工程中主要工種工程施工方法和工藝原理;施工項(xiàng)目科學(xué)的組織原理以及土木工程施工中的

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻(xiàn)郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance F.M. Scherer affiliation not provided to SSRN David Ross Robinson & Cole, LLP Abstract:Provides a systematic presentation of the economic field of industrial organ

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

誰(shuí)能幫我找一篇關(guān)于土木工程的英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)啊,漢字翻譯不少于300字,謝謝啦

求一篇土木工程外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)都要謝謝3000字油箱、835877276哥哥們可以單獨(dú)發(fā)油箱嗎我一堆同學(xué)都在百度有的已經(jīng)看到這個(gè)帖子了 求一篇土木工程外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)都要謝謝 3000字 油箱、 835877276哥哥們 可以單獨(dú)發(fā)油 箱嗎

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

建筑承包商雇用的勞動(dòng)力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中從事技術(shù)活,如木工,管道工,工會(huì)成員和電工工會(huì),小工則執(zhí)行了分配給他們的工作。在施工期間,一切工作都要驗(yàn)收。因此,業(yè)主通過建筑師和監(jiān)理經(jīng)常進(jìn)行督查?？赡苁敲麨楣こ虇T,建筑

[1] Allen H G and Bulson P S.Background to Bucking London Mcraw-Hill(UK) 1980 [2] David. I. Keli Lan Yang Aihua. Project Management Strategy and Implementation. China Machine Press 2002 (The

土木工程外文文獻(xiàn)

恩，好的 吧，土木工程畢業(yè)論文參考文獻(xiàn)資料有一份.
我只知道中文的，你可以看下（土木工程），OA期刊，可以免費(fèi)下載文獻(xiàn)
已發(fā)送至你郵箱，請(qǐng)查看。
Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers (Handbook) by Jonathan Ricketts, M. Loftin and Frederick Merritt Civil Engineering Handbook,by W.F.Chen The Architect's Portable Handbook, by PAT GUTHRIE,McGraw-Hill Company. 這些都是PEC土木工程英語(yǔ)證書考試的輔導(dǎo)用書。應(yīng)該是最好的了。內(nèi)容覆蓋：鋼結(jié)構(gòu)、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)、砌體結(jié)構(gòu)、地基與基礎(chǔ)、建筑材料與施工技術(shù)。主要考察土木工程類專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的閱讀與理解。
童鞋你好！ 這個(gè)估計(jì)需要自己搜索了！ 網(wǎng)上基本很難找到免費(fèi)給你服務(wù)的！ 我在這里給你點(diǎn)搜索國(guó)際上常用的外文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)： ---------------------------------------------------------- ❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ❷Elsevier SDOL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) IEEE/IEE(IEL) ❸EBSCOhost RSC英國(guó)皇家化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì) ❹ACM美國(guó)計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)會(huì) ASCE美國(guó)土木工程師學(xué)會(huì) ❺Springer電子期刊 WorldSciNet電子期刊全文庫(kù) ❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary電子圖書 ❼ProQuest學(xué)位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) ❽國(guó)道外文專題數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) CALIS西文期刊目次數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) ❾推薦使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 中文翻譯得自己做了，實(shí)在不成就***翻譯。 弄完之后，自己閱讀幾遍弄順了就成啦！ 學(xué)校以及老師都不會(huì)看這個(gè)東西的！ 外文翻譯不是論文的主要內(nèi)容！ 所以，很容易過去的！ 祝你好運(yùn)！
自己去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下載啊 或者到知網(wǎng)，維普等中文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下載 很多的，校園網(wǎng)內(nèi)免費(fèi)獲取 校園網(wǎng)外可以利用goo***學(xué)術(shù)搜索，有部分能免費(fèi)下載
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　　building types and design 　　A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in . 　　As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities . 　　Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types sin***-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used . 　　Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. 　　Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center . 　　In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred sin***-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms . 　　Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done. 　　An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms . 　　It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably ** south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on . 　　There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare . 　　翻譯： 　　建筑類型和設(shè)計(jì) 　　建筑物與人們有著緊密的聯(lián)系，他為人們提供必要的空間，用以工作和生活。 　　根據(jù)適用類型不同，建筑物可以分為兩類：工業(yè)建筑和民用建筑。工業(yè)建筑包括各個(gè)工廠或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人們用以居住，就業(yè)，教育和其他社會(huì)活動(dòng)的建筑場(chǎng)所。 　　工業(yè)建筑的廠房可用于采礦業(yè)，冶金工業(yè)，機(jī)械制造，化學(xué)工業(yè)和紡織工業(yè)等各類領(lǐng)域的加工和制造。廠房可分為兩種類型：?jiǎn)螌拥暮投鄬拥摹９I(yè)建筑也屬于建筑的一種。但是，工業(yè)建筑與民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。 　　民用建筑按使用可分為兩大類：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要適應(yīng)家庭生活。每個(gè)單位應(yīng)包括至少三個(gè)必要客房：起居室，廚房和廁所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活動(dòng)，管理工作和其他服務(wù)，如學(xué)校，寫字樓，公園，醫(yī)院，商店，車站，劇院，體育館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等。他們都有著不同的職能，這反過來(lái)又需要不同的設(shè)計(jì)類型。 　　房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的內(nèi)容，但今天人們需要更多的住房?jī)?nèi)容。一個(gè)家庭在進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的社區(qū)后將知道，現(xiàn)有住房不僅要符合其安全，健康和舒適等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。還要考慮其附近是否有相應(yīng)的配套設(shè)施，如食品市場(chǎng)，學(xué)校，商店，圖書館，電影院，以及社區(qū)中心等。 　　在60年代中期住房最重要的價(jià)值是足夠大的空間和方便的出入交通。大多數(shù)家庭會(huì)首選約半英畝面積土地的家庭住宅，這樣將提供足夠的空間的用以業(yè)余活動(dòng)。在高度工業(yè)化的國(guó)家，許多家庭的首選是那種盡可能遠(yuǎn)離市中心商業(yè)圈的住房，即使距離上班地點(diǎn)不得不有一段距離。相當(dāng)多的家庭首選是郊區(qū)的住房，因?yàn)樗麄兊闹饕康氖且h(yuǎn)離噪音，擁擠和混亂。擁有方便的公共交通使得距離不再是一個(gè)決定性因素，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人都是開著自己的汽車去上班了。人們現(xiàn)在主要感興趣的是戶型，房間的大小和臥室的數(shù)目。 　　在工程項(xiàng)目開始之前，要做好建筑設(shè)計(jì)和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建筑建成后是什么樣子以及下一步應(yīng)該做什么。 　　在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中要特別重視房間的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個(gè)住宅建筑設(shè)計(jì)中，布局可考慮以下三個(gè)方面： “白天” ， “夜晚”和“服務(wù)”。必須注意這些空間區(qū)域之間的連通交流。 “白天”房一般包括餐廳，起居室和廚房，但其他房間可能會(huì)增加，如書房，并有可能成為一個(gè)大廳。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一個(gè)餐廳，也或可能有廚房、凹室等。 “夜間”房間包括臥室、客房。“服務(wù)”用房間包括廚房，浴室，儲(chǔ)藏室 ，和廁所等。廚房和儲(chǔ)藏室需設(shè)置在一起，以方便其房間功能的使用。 　　此外，還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問題，當(dāng)然最好盡可能的將那些經(jīng)常使用的房間朝南設(shè)置。然而，在考慮到周圍的環(huán)境和地點(diǎn)、道路等多方面因素，往往很難達(dá)到最佳要求。在解決這些復(fù)雜的問題，還必須按照當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘幸?guī)劃條例所涉及的對(duì)公共設(shè)施，人口密度，建筑物高度，綠化面積，建筑紅線等的要求，還要考慮到有相鄰建筑的情況，等等。 　　盡管工業(yè)建筑需要符合當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘幸?guī)劃條例但很少有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的工業(yè)樓宇。現(xiàn)代廠房建筑的趨勢(shì)是輕質(zhì)、通風(fēng)。一般的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)或鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的工廠，可以得到一個(gè)“跌”型脊屋頂，把窗戶開向北以便使分布均勻的自然采光不會(huì)直射進(jìn)來(lái)造成刺眼。
現(xiàn)在的百度翻譯基本能滿足土木工程中英文的翻譯。我論文的英文摘要就是直接百度翻譯的，只需要修改幾個(gè)專業(yè)名詞就可以了。
我畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候翻譯過英文論文，不過只有3000字，不知道行不行，如果需要給我發(fā)信息。
Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structures J.Y. Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, N.E. Shanmugam a, W.F. Chen b a Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore b School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Received 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 Abstract This paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulation is based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic coupling effects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately the elastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used to predict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered so that the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelled by using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examples including both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed analytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability 1. Introduction Two-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of plane frames composed of members with compact section, fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigation in recent years. The theory for advanced inelastic analysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has been well developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysis methods fulfil the requirements for the prediction of member strength and stability, with some constraints, satisfying the conventional column and beam–column design limit-state checks. Although there have been much work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D frame structures, the issues related to different theoretical and numerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiency in solving large frameworks are not addressed well. The research presented in this paper is an extension of advanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3– 5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisation of advanced analysis procedures. * Corresponding 改進(jìn)非線性塑性鉸空間框架結(jié)構(gòu)的分析 摘要： 這份研究報(bào)告表明三維的框架結(jié)構(gòu)與二維邏輯性塑性鉸的關(guān)聯(lián)，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入橫斷面移動(dòng)為基準(zhǔn)，并考慮軸力、彎曲和扭力的移位之間的關(guān)系。發(fā)達(dá)的計(jì)算機(jī)程序作出通過每個(gè)物質(zhì)成分作為一個(gè)基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可彎曲的負(fù)載量，它也能預(yù)報(bào)可彎曲負(fù)載量與軸向扭力和橫向扭力的不穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)聯(lián)，這對(duì)預(yù)報(bào)非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的作用是必不可少的，以便非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的性能和部分成分一些原理能被輸入計(jì)算機(jī)。重要的非線性通過使用濃縮的塑性鉸方式被制作模型，塑性鉸和成分末端是容許存在。數(shù)值的例子包括集合學(xué)和重要的非線性，兩者習(xí)慣于證明目的的分析方法和電腦程序的穩(wěn)定性，精確性。