High-pressure water descaling thick wall pipe construction craft analysed ZhangXiaoJun 1 2 3 4 BiHuaSi redman sn TaoYongGe The tang dynasty (MCC in hebei tangshan iron pipe, zip code: 063000; 2 shandong laiw

Directly buried steam pipeline construction technology in our country town in central heating pipelines of application. Before construction will work with the protection pipe outside the prefabricated into "steel set

found problems in a timely manner and process engineers, QC engineers contact address. Found assembled, the unsuitability of Engineers should be reported. Process engineers explained, if necessary, modify, according

我們比以往任何時候更多地依賴于團隊建設(shè)承包商和發(fā)明人誰設(shè)計和建造以及維護復(fù)雜的環(huán)境，環(huán)繞著我們的日常生活。一個民間的施工隊伍的工作/工程師以上僅僅是這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)方面。他們有很多活動，包括起草，決策，人機交互，通

求一篇施工方面文章及英文翻譯 謝

土木工程 用英語怎么說 土木工程 [詞典] civil engineering [例句]The Channel Tunnel project is the biggest civilengineering project in Europe.英吉利海峽隧道是歐洲最大的土木工程。中文: 土木工程 阿拉伯語: ??? ?

土木工程師 civil engineer 土木工程學 civil engineering

土木工程 [建] Civil Engineering 土木工程技術(shù) [建] Civil Engineering Technology 土木工程是建造各類工程設(shè)施的科學技術(shù)的統(tǒng)稱。它既指所應(yīng)用的材料、設(shè)備和所進行的勘測、設(shè)計、施工、保養(yǎng)維修等技術(shù)活動；也指工程建設(shè)的對

土木工程 [詞典] civil engineering [例句]The Channel Tunnel project is the biggest civilengineering project in Europe.英吉利海峽隧道是歐洲最大的土木工程。

土木工程英語

2. 簡支梁橋 simple supported girder bridge 以簡支梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)的主要承重構(gòu)件的梁式橋。3. 連續(xù)梁橋 continuous girder bridge 以成列的連續(xù)梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)主要承重構(gòu)件的梁式橋。4. 懸臂梁橋 cantilever girder bridge

4. 土木工程 civil engineering 除房屋建筑外，為新建、改建或擴建各類工程的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物和相關(guān)配套設(shè)施等所進行的勘察、規(guī)劃、設(shè)計、施工、安裝和維護等各項技術(shù)工作和完成的工程實體。5. 公路工程 highway engineering 為

2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察礫巖conglomerate2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察流滑flow slide2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察陸相沉積continental sedimentation2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察泥石流mud flow, debris flow2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察年粘土礦物clay minerals2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察凝灰?guī)rtuff

flow slide工程地質(zhì)及勘察流滑 continental sedimentation工程地質(zhì)及勘察陸相沉積 mud flow, debris flow工程地質(zhì)及勘察泥石流 clay minerals工程地質(zhì)及勘察年粘土礦物 tuff工程地質(zhì)及勘察凝灰?guī)r ox-bow lake工程地質(zhì)及勘察牛軛湖 hy

土木工程常用的英語

2. 板柱結(jié)構(gòu) slab-colume system 由樓板和柱（無梁）組成承重體系的房屋結(jié)構(gòu)，如升板結(jié)構(gòu)、無梁樓蓋結(jié)構(gòu)、整體預(yù)應(yīng)力板柱結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 框架結(jié)構(gòu) frame structure 由梁柱組成的能承受豎向、水平作用所產(chǎn)生各種效應(yīng)的單層、多層或

阻攔或攔蓄水充、壅高或調(diào)節(jié)上游水位的擋水建筑物。頂部不泄水的稱非溢流壩，頂部泄水的稱溢流壩。2.壩軸線 dam axis 代表壩位置的一條橫貫河谷的線。3.重力壩 gravity dam 主要依靠自身重力，抵抗壅水作用于壩體的推力以

2. 簡支梁橋 simple supported girder bridge 以簡支梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)的主要承重構(gòu)件的梁式橋。3. 連續(xù)梁橋 continuous girder bridge 以成列的連續(xù)梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)主要承重構(gòu)件的梁式橋。4. 懸臂梁橋 cantilever girder bridge

2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察解理cleavage2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察喀斯特karst2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察礦物硬度hardness of minerals2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察礫巖conglomerate2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察流滑flow slide2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察陸相沉積continental sedimentation2. 工程地

1. 工程結(jié)構(gòu) building and civil engineering structures 房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物及其相關(guān)組成部分的總稱。2. 工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 design of building and civil engineering structures 在工程結(jié)構(gòu)的可靠與經(jīng)濟、適用與美觀

設(shè)備估算: equipment estimate;分析估算:analysis estimate 報價估算:proposalestimate;工程地質(zhì)及勘察變質(zhì)巖 metamorphic **** 工程地質(zhì)及勘察標準凍深 standard frost penetration 工程地質(zhì)及勘察冰川沉積 glacial deposit 工程地質(zhì)及勘

常用土木工程英語基本詞匯

2. 簡支梁橋 simple supported girder bridge 以簡支梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)的主要承重構(gòu)件的梁式橋。3. 連續(xù)梁橋 continuous girder bridge 以成列的連續(xù)梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)主要承重構(gòu)件的梁式橋。4. 懸臂梁橋 cantilever girder bridge

1. 混合結(jié)構(gòu) mixed structure 不同材料的構(gòu)件或部件混合組成的結(jié)構(gòu)。2. 板柱結(jié)構(gòu) slab-colume system 由樓板和柱（無梁）組成承重體系的房屋結(jié)構(gòu)，如升板結(jié)構(gòu)、無梁樓蓋結(jié)構(gòu)、整體預(yù)應(yīng)力板柱結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 框架結(jié)構(gòu) frame

1.壩 dam 阻攔或攔蓄水充、壅高或調(diào)節(jié)上游水位的擋水建筑物。頂部不泄水的稱非溢流壩，頂部泄水的稱溢流壩。2.壩軸線 dam axis 代表壩位置的一條橫貫河谷的線。3.重力壩 gravity dam 主要依靠自身重力，抵抗壅水作用于

2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察礫巖conglomerate2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察流滑flow slide2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察陸相沉積continental sedimentation2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察泥石流mud flow, debris flow2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察年粘土礦物clay minerals2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察凝灰?guī)rtuff

估算/費用估算:estimate/cost estimate:估算類型: types of estimate;詳細估算:是偏差幅度最小的估算，defined estimate;設(shè)備估算: equipment estimate;分析估算:analysis estimate 報價估算:proposalestimate;工程地質(zhì)及勘察變質(zhì)巖 m

土木工程專業(yè)英語詞匯

在這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師精確測量地球表面以獲得可靠的信息來定位和設(shè)計工程項目。這一 方面包括高工藝學方法,如衛(wèi)星成相,航拍,和計算機成相。來自人造衛(wèi)星的無線電信號,通過激光和音波柱掃描被轉(zhuǎn)換為地圖,為隧道鉆孔,建造高速公路和大

LESSON 4 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （1）Sustained load 長期荷載 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝膠體 （3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of t

我不大清楚你到底要哪段，所以我全都放上來了……第四課 高層建筑 大體上建筑施工工藝學方面已經(jīng)有許多進步, 在超高層的設(shè)計和施工上已經(jīng)取得了驚人的成就。高層建筑早期的發(fā)展開始于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)。鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)經(jīng)濟

展開全部 Lesson 4 Tall BuildingAlthough there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.雖然在

跪求土木工程專業(yè)英語(段兵延)LESSON4 原文

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擋土墻擋土墻retaining wall 擋土墻擋土墻排水設(shè)施 擋土墻擋土墻穩(wěn)定性stability of retaining wall 擋土墻垛式擋土墻 擋土墻扶垛式擋土墻counterfort retaining wall 擋土墻后垛墻（臺）counterfort retaining wall 擋土墻基礎(chǔ)墻foundation wall 擋土墻加筋土擋墻reinforced earth bulkhead 擋土墻錨定板擋土墻anchored plate retaining wall 擋土墻錨定式板樁墻anchored sheet pile wall 擋土墻錨桿式擋土墻anchor rod retaining wall 擋土墻懸壁式板樁墻cantilever sheet pile wall 擋土墻懸壁式擋土墻cantilever sheet pile wall 擋土墻重力式擋土墻gravity retaining wall 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物板樁sheet pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物板樁結(jié)構(gòu)sheet pile structure 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物鋼板樁steel sheet pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物鋼筋混凝土板樁reinforced concrete sheet pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物鋼樁steel pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物灌注樁cast-in-place pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物拉桿tie rod 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物錨定式板樁墻anchored sheet pile wall 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物錨固技術(shù)anchoring 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物錨座Anchorage 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物木板樁wooden sheet pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物木樁timber piles 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物懸壁式板樁墻cantilever sheet pile wall 基坑開挖與降水板樁圍護sheet pile-braced cuts 基坑開挖與降水電滲法electro-osmotic drainage 基坑開挖與降水管涌piping 基坑開挖與降水基底隆起heave of base 基坑開挖與降水基坑降水dewatering 基坑開挖與降水基坑失穩(wěn)instability (failure) of foundation pit 基坑開挖與降水基坑圍護bracing of foundation pit 基坑開挖與降水減壓井relief well 基坑開挖與降水降低地下水位法dewatering method 基坑開挖與降水井點系統(tǒng)well point system 基坑開挖與降水噴射井點eductor well point 基坑開挖與降水鉛直邊坡的臨界高度critical height of vertical slope 基坑開挖與降水砂沸sand boiling 基坑開挖與降水深井點deep well point 基坑開挖與降水真空井點vacuum well point 基坑開挖與降水支撐圍護braced cuts 淺基礎(chǔ)杯形基礎(chǔ) 淺基礎(chǔ)補償性基礎(chǔ)compensated foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)持力層bearing stratum 淺基礎(chǔ)次層（臺）substratum 淺基礎(chǔ)單獨基礎(chǔ)individual footing 淺基礎(chǔ)倒梁法inverted beam method 淺基礎(chǔ)剛性角pressure distribution an*** of masonary foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)剛性基礎(chǔ)rigid foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)高杯口基礎(chǔ) 淺基礎(chǔ)基礎(chǔ)埋置深度embeded depth of foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)基床系數(shù)coefficient of subgrade reaction 淺基礎(chǔ)基底附加應(yīng)力net foundation pressure 淺基礎(chǔ)交叉條形基礎(chǔ)cross strip footing 淺基礎(chǔ)接觸壓力contact pressure 淺基礎(chǔ)靜定分析法（淺基礎(chǔ)）static analysis (shallow foundation) 淺基礎(chǔ)殼體基礎(chǔ)shell foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)擴展基礎(chǔ)spread footing 淺基礎(chǔ)片筏基礎(chǔ)mat foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)淺基礎(chǔ)shallow foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)墻下條形基礎(chǔ) 淺基礎(chǔ)熱摩奇金法Zemochkin s method 淺基礎(chǔ)柔性基礎(chǔ)flexible foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)上部結(jié)構(gòu)－基礎(chǔ)－土共同作用分析structure- foundation-soil interactionanalysis 淺基礎(chǔ)談彈性地基梁（板）分析analysis of beams and slabs on elastic foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)條形基礎(chǔ)strip footing 淺基礎(chǔ)下臥層substratum 淺基礎(chǔ)箱形基礎(chǔ)box foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)柱下條形基礎(chǔ) 深基礎(chǔ)貝諾托灌注樁Benoto cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)波動方程分析Wave equation analysis 深基礎(chǔ)場鑄樁（臺)cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)沉管灌注樁diving casting cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)沉井基礎(chǔ)open-end caisson foundation 深基礎(chǔ)沉箱基礎(chǔ)box caisson foundation 深基礎(chǔ)成孔灌注同步樁synchronous pile 深基礎(chǔ)承臺pile caps 深基礎(chǔ)充盈系數(shù)fullness coefficient 深基礎(chǔ)單樁承載力bearing capacity of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)單樁橫向極限承載力ultimate lateral resistance of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)單樁豎向抗拔極限承載力vertical ultimate uplift resistance of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)單樁豎向抗壓容許承載力vertical ultimate carrying capacity of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)單樁豎向抗壓極限承載力vertical allowable load capacity of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)低樁承臺low pile cap 深基礎(chǔ)地下連續(xù)墻diaphgram wall 深基礎(chǔ)點承樁（臺）end-bearing pile 深基礎(chǔ)動力打樁公式dynamic pile driving formula 深基礎(chǔ)端承樁end-bearing pile 深基礎(chǔ)法蘭基灌注樁Franki pile 深基礎(chǔ)負摩擦力negative skin friction of pile 深基礎(chǔ)鋼筋混凝土預(yù)制樁precast reinforced concrete piles 深基礎(chǔ)鋼樁steel pile 深基礎(chǔ)高樁承臺high-rise pile cap 深基礎(chǔ)灌注樁cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)橫向載荷樁laterally loaded vertical piles 深基礎(chǔ)護壁泥漿slurry coat method 深基礎(chǔ)回轉(zhuǎn)鉆孔灌注樁rotatory boring cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)機挖異形灌注樁 深基礎(chǔ)靜力壓樁silent piling 深基礎(chǔ)抗拔樁uplift pile 深基礎(chǔ)抗滑樁anti-slide pile 深基礎(chǔ)摩擦樁friction pile 深基礎(chǔ)木樁timber piles 深基礎(chǔ)嵌巖灌注樁piles set into **** 深基礎(chǔ)群樁pile groups 深基礎(chǔ)群樁效率系數(shù)efficiency factor of pile groups 深基礎(chǔ)群樁效應(yīng)efficiency of pile groups 深基礎(chǔ)群樁豎向極限承載力vertical ultimate load capacity of pile groups 深基礎(chǔ)深基礎(chǔ)deep foundation 深基礎(chǔ)豎直群樁橫向極限承載力 深基礎(chǔ)無樁靴夯擴灌注樁rammed bulb ile 深基礎(chǔ)旋轉(zhuǎn)擠壓灌注樁 深基礎(chǔ)樁piles 深基礎(chǔ)樁基動測技術(shù)dynamic pile test 深基礎(chǔ)鉆孔墩基礎(chǔ)drilled-pier foundation 深基礎(chǔ)鉆孔擴底灌注樁under-reamed bored pile 深基礎(chǔ)鉆孔壓注樁starsol enbesol pile 深基礎(chǔ)最后貫入度final set 地基處理表層壓密法sur** compaction 地基處理超載預(yù)壓surcharge preloading 地基處理袋裝砂井sand wick 地基處理地工織物geofabric, geotextile 地基處理地基處理ground treatment, foundation treatment 地基處理電動化學灌漿electrochemical grouting 地基處理電滲法electro-osmotic drainage
1.我的專業(yè)是土木工程 My major is civil engineering. 2. 我的專業(yè)是土木工程表示本科或?qū)？啤?I am majored in civil engineering for Bachelor's degree/Associated degree. 3. 我的專業(yè)是土木工程表示碩士或博士。 I am pursuing Master's degree /Doctor's degree of the major of civil engineering. 拓展內(nèi)容 土木工程 civil engineering ; civil works 短語 土木工程拓展署 Civil Engineering and Development Department ; CEDD 土木工程技術(shù) Civil Engineering Technology 土木工程材料 Civil Engineering Materials ; Materials of Civil Engineering ; Management
Health care A new prescription for the poor 為貧窮者新開的處方 America is developing a two-tier health system, one for those with private insurance, the other for the less well-off 美國正在發(fā)展一個雙重的健康系統(tǒng)，一重是為那些有個人保險的人群，而另一重則是為那些不那么富裕的人群 Oct 8th 2011 | NEW YORK | from the print edition “IT’S time for Dancing with the Stars!”, a woman announces enthusiastically. At this New York health centre, wedged between housing projects to the east and Chinatown to the west, “dancing with the stars” means dancing with a physical therapist. An old man stands up with a nurse and begins a determined samba. “是時候和明星一起跳舞了！”一位女士滿懷熱情地宣告。在這個坐落于房屋工程的西面，唐人街東面的紐約健康中心，“和明星起舞”的意思是和一位物理治療師跳舞。一位老者和一個護士站起來，開始跳事先確定好的桑巴舞。 Comprehensive Care Management (CCM), which runs this centre, tries to keep old people active. To do so, explains Joseph Healy, the chief operating officer, is in the company’s best interest. The government pays CCM a capped rate for the care of its members. If someone gets sick, his health costs rise and the company’s margin shrinks. Mr Healy argues that the system is the best way to provide good care at a low cost. Increasingly others seem to agree. 經(jīng)營這個中心的綜合護理管理部門（CCM）努力保持老人們的活力。約瑟夫-海莉，首席運營官解釋說，這樣做符合公司 的最佳利益。政府給這個部門一個封頂?shù)慕蛸N來讓他們照顧這些人。如果有人生病了，他的健康成本就會上升，公司的利潤就會萎縮。海莉先生確定說這個系統(tǒng)能夠 在一個低成本上提供最佳的護理。其他人也逐漸同意這個觀點。 Medicaid, America’s health programme for the poor, is in the process of being transformed. Over the next three years, New York will move its entire Medicaid population into “managed care”, paying companies a set rate to tend to the poor, rather than paying a fee for each service. New York is not alone. States from California to Mississippi are expanding managed care. It is the culmination of a steady shift in the way most poor Americans receive their health-care treatment. 公共醫(yī)療補助，即美國的窮人健康計劃，正在被改造的過程中。在接下來的 三年內(nèi)，紐約將把整個接受窮人健康計劃的人群納入“管理關(guān)懷”之中，付給公司們一個事先定好的費用來照顧那些窮人，而不是按照項目來付費。紐約不是唯一這 樣做的州。加州，密西西比州正在拓展管理關(guān)懷計劃。這代表一種正在進行中的穩(wěn)步轉(zhuǎn)變，即大部分貧窮美國人接受健康關(guān)懷方式的轉(zhuǎn)變。 Medicaid is America’s sin*** biggest health programme. This year roughly one in five Americans will be covered by Medicaid for a month or more. It gobbles more federal and local money than any state programme, other than education. Costs will rise even more when Barack Obama’s health-care reform expands the programme by easing eligibility rules in 2014. Congress’s “supercommittee” is already considering cuts. However, there are more immediate pressures behind the present drive for change. 公 共醫(yī)療補助是美國最大的單一健康計劃。今年，五個美國人中的一個就會被納入該計劃一個月或更長時間。除了教育之外，它比其他任何州的財政計劃耗去更多聯(lián)邦 和地方的經(jīng)費。當2014年奧巴馬的健康保險改革放寬適用人群而使整個計劃更加龐大的時候，成本將會進一步上升。眾議院的“超級委員會”已經(jīng)在考慮削減經(jīng) 費。然而，選擇這種變化，將會有更多即刻的壓力存在。 Enrolment in Medicaid jumped during the downturn, from 42.7m in December 2007 to 50.3m in June 2010. Mr Obama’s stimulus bill helped to pay for some of this, but that money has dried up. Faced with gaping deficits, some desperate governors slashed payments to hospitals and doctors, or refused to pay for trips to the dentist or oculist. But much the most important result has been structural: the expansion of managed care. 公共醫(yī)療補助計劃的參與人數(shù)在經(jīng)濟滑坡期間從2007年 12月的 4270萬人跳到了2010年6月的5030萬人。奧巴馬先生的經(jīng)濟刺激經(jīng)費能夠幫助付掉其中的一部分，但是錢已經(jīng)被用光。面對資金短缺，一些絕望的州長 砍掉了給醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生的補助，或是拒絕支付牙醫(yī)和眼科醫(yī)生的旅行費用。但是，更多地，最重要的結(jié)果是結(jié)構(gòu)上的：管理關(guān)懷的拓展。 States have dabbled in managed care for decades. The trend accelerated in the 1990s, with the share of Medicaid patients under this form of care reaching 72% by 2009. Now, however, there is a strong push for the remainder. States that did not have managed care, such as Louisiana, are introducing it. Other states are extending it to people previously deemed off limits: California and New York, for example, are moving the elderly and disabled into that system of care. Texas is targeting more than 400,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the Rio Grande Valley. Local politicians had resisted the move, nervous that care might deteriorate. But the yawning deficit meant that they were overruled. 各個州涉足管理關(guān)懷已經(jīng)有幾 十年的歷史了。這個趨勢在90年代得到**發(fā)展，在2009年前使用這種護理方式的公共醫(yī)療補助病人占到了72%?，F(xiàn)在，對于剩下的人，這也是很強的推動 力。像路易斯安那州這樣沒有管理關(guān)懷的州正在引進管理關(guān)懷。其他州也把這個拓展到原先被認為不適用的人群：舉例說像加州和紐約州，正在把老人和殘障人士納 入這個系統(tǒng)中，德州的目標是在格蘭德河谷超過400000公共醫(yī)療補助收益人群。地方政治家反對這個舉動，他們擔心這個護理系統(tǒng)將會變質(zhì)。但是巨大的赤字 意味著他們的觀點注定要被批駁。 The result is a country with two distinct tiers of health care. Most Americans with private insurance are still horrified by thoughts of health-management organisations and prefer to pay fees for each medical service. For the poor, managed care is becoming the norm. 結(jié)果就是一個國家有兩套截然不同的健康保險系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)有個人保險的美國人仍舊害怕那些健康管理組織的想法而寧愿為單獨的醫(yī)療服務(wù)付費。對于窮人來說，管理關(guān)懷已經(jīng)成為一種常規(guī)。 Advocates of managed care have high expectations. First, they hope that it will make costs more predictable. Second, they believe that the change will improve patients’ health. In managed care, a patient has a network of doctors and specialists. If the programme works properly, doctors can monitor all aspects of care, in contrast to the fragmented fee-for-service system. The contracts that states have with firms can set standards for quality. Texas, for instance, will cut 5% from a company’s payment if it does not meet what is required. 管理關(guān)懷的鼓吹者有著很高的 期待。首先，他們希望這能讓成本變得可以預(yù)測，其次，他們相信，這個改變可以改善病人的健康。在管理關(guān)懷中，一個病人有一個由醫(yī)生和專家組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。如果 這個計劃運行良好，醫(yī)生可以監(jiān)測關(guān)懷的各個方面，相對于分離的的按服務(wù)付錢的系統(tǒng)來說。州政府和公司的合同可以為質(zhì)量定下標準。德州，舉例說，將會在付款 中扣除5%如果公司沒有達到要求的標準。 The next step is to integrate care for those eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, the federal programme for the old. These “duals” account for almost 40% of Medicaid’s costs and just 15% of its population. “If managed care can really deliver better care than fee-for-service”, says Diane Rowland, chair of the commission that advises Congress on Medicaid, “this is the population that could prove it.” 下一步是整合那些同時符合公共醫(yī)療補助和長者醫(yī)療補助計劃（聯(lián)邦老人醫(yī)療補助）的人群。這些“雙符合”人群占據(jù)了將近40%的公共醫(yī)療補 助成本和僅僅15%的人口數(shù)量。“如果管理關(guān)懷能真正比按項目付費帶來更好的服務(wù)”，戴安-羅蘭德，委員會（指導國會在公共醫(yī)療補助政策上進行決策）主任 說：“這是一群能證明管理關(guān)懷可行的人?！? But some, such as Norma Vescovo, are sceptical. As the head of the non-profit Independent Living Centre of Southern California (ILCSC), Ms Vescovo serves Medicaid patients with severe health problems. Over the years she has often sued California on policies that she thinks will hurt her vulnerable clients. On October 3rd her case moved to the Supreme Court. 但是一些人，例如像諾瑪-凡斯科夫就對此表示懷疑。作為非盈利的南加州獨立生活中心主任，凡斯科夫女士服務(wù)于那些有嚴重健康問題的接受公共醫(yī)療補助的病人。在這些年間，她經(jīng)常控告加州政府在一些政策上會傷害她的一些脆弱的客戶。在10月3日，她的案子被移到了上訴法院。 The outcome of Douglas v Independent Living Centre will have profound implications for the future of Medicaid. Ms Vescovo’s suit concerns cuts to hospitals and doctors. But the case will also guide the course of managed care. If ILCSC and its co-plaintiffs win, private groups will continue to be able to challenge states on policies they think violate federal Medicaid law. Ms Vescovo, who argues that California’s payment cuts would eviscerate her clients’ access to services, worries that under managed care the disabled might not be able to see the specialists they need. 道格拉斯 v 獨立生活中心的結(jié)果將會對公共醫(yī)療補助有深遠的意義。凡斯科夫女士的訴訟影響到醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生的津貼削減。但是這個案子將會引領(lǐng)管理關(guān)懷的進程。如果中心和其 他原告勝訴，私人團體將會繼續(xù)在那些他們認為違反聯(lián)邦法律的政策上挑戰(zhàn)州政府。凡斯科夫女士認為說加州的支付削減計劃會讓她的客戶失去得到服務(wù)的機會，她 還擔心，在管理關(guān)懷之下，那些殘障人士可能不能見到那些他們需要的專家。 The question is how to supervise the experiments with managed care that are being carried out in various states. To date, Medicaid beneficiaries have been able to challenge the states in court. However, if the Supreme Court rules against ILCSC, that avenue will be closed. The Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) technically can intervene if states do not provide proper access to care. In reality, CMS has few tools to do so. 問 題是怎么監(jiān)管在不同州試運行的管理關(guān)懷。到目前為止，公共醫(yī)療補助受益者已經(jīng)能夠在法庭中挑戰(zhàn)政府。然而，如果上訴法庭結(jié)果不利于中心，那么這條路將會被 關(guān)閉。如果州政府沒有提供合適的關(guān)懷的話，公共醫(yī)療補助和長者醫(yī)療關(guān)懷中心理論上是能對此進行干涉，但事實上，他們沒有太多辦法。 “I’m a big fan of managed care”, says Sara Rosenbaum, a professor at George Washington University, “but this transformation may happen with almost no federal oversight.” Medicaid beneficiaries are vulnerable, in worse health than Americans as a whole. Companies may strug*** to cut costs and provide good care as well. If states do not draft their contracts properly, or fail to be vigilant in monitoring patients’ health, their experiment in managed care could be a disaster. On the other hand, if states are careful they could provide an answer to the question that has vexed America for years: how to provide good, cheap health care. “我是 管理關(guān)懷的擁護者”，薩拉-羅森博姆，一位喬治華盛頓大學教授說，“但是這種轉(zhuǎn)變可能在沒有聯(lián)邦監(jiān)管的情況下發(fā)生?！惫册t(yī)療補助的受益者和你脆弱，健康 程度整體上比一般美國人要差。公司可能在削減成本的同時掙扎著同樣提供良好的服務(wù)。如果州政府們不好好起草他們的合同，或沒有警覺地監(jiān)控病人的健康的話， 他們在管理關(guān)懷上的實驗可能會是一場災(zāi)難。另一方面，如果州政府們認真的話，他們能為那個困擾美國人多年的問題提供答案，即怎么提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的便宜的健康關(guān) 懷。
Electric Power Systems 電力系統(tǒng) The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 現(xiàn)代社會的電力供應(yīng)依賴于更多地比以往任何時候。 It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它無法想象的世界應(yīng)該是什么，如果電力供應(yīng)中斷了世界各地。 Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 電力系統(tǒng)（或電力能源系統(tǒng)），提供電力到現(xiàn)代社會，已成為不可缺少的組成部分產(chǎn)業(yè)界的。 The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一個完整的電力系統(tǒng)（包括發(fā)電機，電纜，熔斷器，計量，并加載）的托馬斯愛迪生所建-站紐約市珍珠街的歷史始于1882年9月運作。 This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 這是一個半徑直流系統(tǒng)組成的一個蒸汽發(fā)動機驅(qū)動的直流發(fā)電機面積約1.5公里至59供電范圍內(nèi)的客戶。負載，其中包括完全的白熾燈，為V提供110通過地下電纜系統(tǒng)。 Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. 在一個類似的系統(tǒng)在大多數(shù)大城市在世界各地運行數(shù)年。隨著馬達的弗蘭克斯普拉格發(fā)展在1884年，電機負載被添加到這些系統(tǒng)。這是什么開始發(fā)展成為世界上最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。在最初的直流系統(tǒng)廣泛使用盡管如此，他們幾乎完全被空調(diào)系統(tǒng)所取代。到1886年，直流系統(tǒng)的局限性也日益明顯。他們可以提供功率只有很短的距離從發(fā)電機。 To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 為了保持發(fā)射功率損失（我2 R）和電壓下降到可接受的水平，電壓等級，必須長途輸電高。如此高的電壓不發(fā)電和電力消耗可以接受的，因此，電壓轉(zhuǎn)換成為一個方便的手段的必要性。 The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 在發(fā)展的變壓器，法國和交流輸電由L.巴黎戈拉爾和JD吉布斯導致交流電力系統(tǒng)。 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年，第一次在北美交流傳輸線將在俄勒岡州波特蘭之間威拉梅特大瀑布和實施。 It was a sin***-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.這是一個單相線路傳輸功率為4,000公里，超過21 V系統(tǒng)的距離。隨著交流的發(fā)展多相系統(tǒng)由尼古拉特斯拉，成為更具吸引力的。通過1888年，特斯拉舉行交流多項專利電動機，發(fā)電機，變壓器和輸電系統(tǒng)。西屋公司購買了這些早期的發(fā)明專利，并形成了系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)，現(xiàn)在的交流。 In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世紀90年代，有很大的爭議或交流電力行業(yè)是否應(yīng)該統(tǒng)一于直流。到了世紀之交的，在交流系統(tǒng)贏得了原因出在下面的直流系統(tǒng)為： （1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. （1）電壓水平可以很容易地改變了空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，從而提供了傳輸?shù)撵`活性，發(fā)電用不同的電壓和消費。 （2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. （2）交流發(fā)電機簡單得多比直流發(fā)電機。 （3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. （三）交流電機和電機便宜簡單得多，比直流。 The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. 前三個階段的美國北線投產(chǎn)于1893年- 1 2300五，南加州12公里路線研究。 In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在電力傳輸初期交流，頻率不規(guī)范。 Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有許多不同頻率的使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫茲。 This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. 這對互連的問題。最后60赫茲標準獲得通過，成為美國在北美，雖然是50赫茲在許多其他國家使用。 The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 較長的距離越來越需要大量的電力傳輸多激勵他們逐步使用高壓的水平。為了避免電壓增殖數(shù)量無限，業(yè)界標準電壓水平。在美國，標準是115，138， 161，和230千伏的高電壓（高壓）類，345，500和765千伏級的特高電壓（超高壓）。在中國，各級使用電壓為10，35，110級高壓， 220，中國330（僅在西北）和500千伏超高壓類。 The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一個750 kVtransmission線將建在不久的將來在中國西北地區(qū)。 With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 隨著交流的發(fā)展/直流轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備，高壓直流高壓直流（HVDC）傳輸系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為更具吸引力的經(jīng)濟和情況特殊。 The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. 在高壓直流輸電可用于輸電塊以上的大長途電話，并提供不同系統(tǒng)間的異步連接在AC聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)將是不切實際的，因為穩(wěn)定考慮，或因標稱頻率的系統(tǒng)。 The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 基本要求到電源系統(tǒng)是提供一個不間斷的能源供應(yīng)，以客戶可接受的電壓和頻率。 Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于電力無法大量儲存在一個簡單的方法和經(jīng)濟，電力的生產(chǎn)和消費必須同時進行。系統(tǒng)的故障或誤操作的權(quán)力在任何階段可能導致電力供應(yīng)中斷給客戶。 Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此，一個正常的電力系統(tǒng)連續(xù)運行的，提供可靠的電力供應(yīng)給客戶的重要性是至關(guān)重要的。 Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定，可廣泛定義為干擾財產(chǎn)的權(quán)力系統(tǒng)，可繼續(xù)經(jīng)營的狀態(tài)下正常運行的平衡條件和后向遭受恢復(fù)一個可以接受的平衡狀態(tài)。 Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode. 在電力系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定可能會表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營方式和多種不同的方式取決于系統(tǒng)配置。 Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially "in step". This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor an***s and power-an*** relationships, and then referred to " rotor an*** stability ". 傳統(tǒng)上，穩(wěn)定性問題一直是一個保持同步運行。由于電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電電力，一個令人滿意的系統(tǒng)運行的必要條件是，依靠同步電機同步電機都留在同步或通俗的“步驟”。這一方面是受穩(wěn)定的發(fā)電機轉(zhuǎn)子的動態(tài)角度和功角的關(guān)系，然后提到“轉(zhuǎn)子角穩(wěn)定”。