溫馨提示:這篇文章已超過569天沒有更新,請注意相關(guān)的內(nèi)容是否還可用!
Do not know you are now sub-professional or not, there is no favorite direction? But what direction is not very important, the key is to watch your hobbies and interests. If you want to engage in design
急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 展開 我來答 2個回答 #熱議# 你發(fā)朋友圈
To promote urbanization. Well-known American economist, Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz at the World Bank conference in terms of: the 21st century the most important influences on human process, there are two things
Do not know you are now sub-professional or not, there is no favorite direction? But what direction is not very important, the key is to watch your hobbies and interests. If you want to engage in design
求一篇3000字左右的土木工程專業(yè)英語翻譯
Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and
1、瀝青路面結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的低成本 structural Design of Asphalt Pavement for Low Cost 農(nóng)村道路 Rural Roads 2、structural Design of Asphalt Pavement for Low Cost Rural Roads In developing countriesru
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設(shè)施,也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進行的勘測,設(shè)計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社會的進步而發(fā)展,至
急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 展開 我來答 2個回答 #熱議# 你發(fā)朋友圈
computers, gas turbines, helicopters, and toys.In addition to design and development, many engineers work in testing, production, or maintenance. These engineers supervise production in factories, determine the cause
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設(shè)施,也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進行的勘測,設(shè)計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社
To promote urbanization. Well-known American economist, Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz at the World Bank conference in terms of: the 21st century the most important influences on human process, there are two things
急求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的英語論文,翻譯成中文3000字左右!!!
畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文施工組織設(shè)計文獻綜述 施工組織設(shè)計的作用是對擬建工程施工的全過程實行科學(xué)的管理的重要手段。通過施工組織設(shè)計的編制,可以全面考慮擬建工程的各種施工條件,揚長避短,擬定合理的施工方案,確定施工順序、施工方法、勞動組織和技術(shù)
The design of the subject 12 for the University of the South Campus student apartment building # construction organization design, the apartment building is located in Xi'an Yangling District, six-storey brick-
5000字關(guān)于土木工程類的英語論文,并帶中文翻譯 要求如下:1.字數(shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設(shè)施,也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進行的勘測,設(shè)計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社
急求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的英語論文,翻譯成中文3000字左右!!! 100 我來答 1個回答 #話題# 勞動節(jié)純純『干貨』,等你看!開心辭典_ 2010-03-04 · TA獲得超過6003個贊 知道大有可為答主 回答量:1951 采納率:0% 幫助的
從事分包的承建商則需承擔建造工程所需的各個工作。例如,管道承包商安裝水管,電業(yè)承辦商安裝電氣系統(tǒng),電梯則由電梯承包商安裝。他們與總承包商簽訂合同,費用由總承包商支付。有時候,除了一個總承包商,還有各種專業(yè)承包商,如電氣和機械承包
我的 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,不少于3000個單詞 5 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上
急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,不少于3000個單詞
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da
2013-06-01 求一篇土木工程的外文文獻,要求帶中英文翻譯,外文文獻參考文獻 2010-06-12 求一篇土木工程英文文獻翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計用的 23 2017-03-02 求一篇土木工程英文原版文獻+翻譯(英文15000字符以上,4更多類似問題 > 為你
JINEnping. Problem analysis on multi-layer frame construction in steel and concrete.[J].SichuanBuilding Science.2007.18(06):13-22.Leung CKY. Fiber optic sensorsconcrete: the future? NDT&E International 2001;3
建筑承包商雇用的勞動力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中從事技術(shù)活,如木工,管道工,工會成員和電工工會,小工則執(zhí)行了分配給他們的工作。在施工期間,一切工作都要驗收。因此,業(yè)主通過建筑師和監(jiān)理經(jīng)常進行督查??赡苁敲麨楣こ虇T,建筑
土木工程外文文獻
恩,好的 吧,土木工程畢業(yè)論文參考文獻資料有一份.我只知道中文的,你可以看下(土木工程),OA期刊,可以免費下載文獻
The urban river embankment discuss the ecological construction Anonymous XXXXXXXX Abstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future prospects. Keywords: the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situation Text: A, background River Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity high. The traditional embankment design often sin*** ? 一、背景 河流的堤岸部分是水陸交錯的過渡地帶,具有顯著的邊緣效應(yīng)。這里有活躍的物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分和能量的流動,為多種生物提供了棲息地。自然狀態(tài)下的堤岸往往物種豐富、生產(chǎn)力高。 傳統(tǒng)的堤岸設(shè)計往往會單純從防洪角度出發(fā),采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起來高高的堤岸。它的優(yōu)點在于高度的可靠性,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計后加起防護堤岸抗流水沖刷能力顯著增強。對于洪水暴發(fā)頻繁、侵蝕嚴重的區(qū)段,這樣的設(shè)計無可厚非,而對于一般河流堤岸的修建,這樣的設(shè)計則顯得缺乏環(huán)境的美化和綠化,同時也破壞許多對生態(tài)起重要作用的自然因素,如破壞植被與河床間的聯(lián)系,造成沖刷侵蝕轉(zhuǎn)移等。 另外,河流作為城市風(fēng)貌不可多得的珍惜資源,也是城市風(fēng)貌的特色要素,它的景觀塑造顯得十分必要。同時,堤岸景觀建設(shè)必然使濱河地區(qū)土地價值提升,濱水開發(fā)的高投資回報的特點更增強了對城市堤岸景觀建設(shè)的需求。 二、需求——堤岸的生態(tài)化建設(shè) 河流堤岸作為城市中最鄰近河流的區(qū)域,是城市與河流的銜接線,它的景觀規(guī)劃是提高城市生活品質(zhì)的需要,也是豐富城市景觀的需要。 生態(tài)化建設(shè),它的根本思路是運用自然本身抗干擾和自我修復(fù)的能力來處理人與自然的關(guān)系。生態(tài)設(shè)計方法不同于傳統(tǒng)用人工的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來取代自然的方法,而是用自然的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來順應(yīng)自然的進程。 將河岸與河道在生態(tài)上聯(lián)系起來,也就實現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分、能量的交流:對于生物,它提供了合適的棲息地;植物根系可固著土壤,枝葉可截留雨水,過濾地表逕流,抵抗流水沖刷,從而起到保護堤岸、增加堤岸結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性、凈化水質(zhì)、涵養(yǎng)水源的作用,而且隨著時間的推移,這些作用被不斷加強。同時,生態(tài)化建設(shè)以自然的外貌出現(xiàn),容易與環(huán)境取得協(xié)調(diào),造價也較低,不需要長期的維護管理。 三、河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計方式 河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計,要遵守生態(tài)設(shè)計的原則,注重地方性、保護與節(jié)約自然資本、讓自然做功、顯露自然,主要體現(xiàn)在對地域氣候環(huán)境、河流地質(zhì)地貌、水文變化的適應(yīng),對河流生態(tài)環(huán)境的考慮,對堤岸地形的處理和對筑堤材料的選擇和構(gòu)造方式方面。 1) 人工類: 傳統(tǒng)方法是采用塊石或混凝土塊磚等堆砌??稍诖嘶A(chǔ)上加以改進以適應(yīng)河流景觀設(shè)計的需求。 a) 塊石或混凝土塊磚干砌,不用砂漿。這樣在砌塊之間就留有空隙,為后期濱河植物的生長提供了空間。隨著時間的推移,堤岸會逐漸呈現(xiàn)出自然的風(fēng)貌。 b) 堤岸采用臺階式分級,臺階面上的空間加以利用,種植植物。 當然這兩種改進方法對于河岸處現(xiàn)有植被仍存在一定的不良影響,人工痕跡也過于明顯。 2) 自然類: 充分利用堤岸植被原型,可直接將適用于濱河地帶生長的植被種植于堤岸上,利用植物的根、莖、葉來穩(wěn)固堤岸,防止侵蝕、控制沉積的同時也為生物提供了棲息地。 3) 人工自然相結(jié)合 綜合了以上兩種方法的優(yōu)點,具有人工結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性和自然的外貌,見效快、生態(tài)效益好,以下為常見的兩種類型: a) 種植植物的堆石 將由大小不同的石塊組成的堆石置于與水接觸的土壤表面,再把活體切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加穩(wěn)定。根系可提高強度,植被可遮蓋石塊,使堤岸外貌更加自然。 b) 與植物結(jié)合使用的插孔式混凝土塊 將預(yù)制的混凝土塊以連鎖的形式置于岸底的淺渠中,再將植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土塊之間和堤岸上部,其上覆土壓實,再播種草本植物。 堤岸生態(tài)化建設(shè)也存在一定的局限性。如:選用的材料及建造方法不同,堤岸的防護能力相差很大,需要運用多學(xué)科知識認真分析,這就為設(shè)計人員提出了更大的挑戰(zhàn);建造初期若受到強烈干擾,則會影響到以后防護作用的發(fā)揮等。這也就對河流堤岸的生態(tài)化設(shè)計提出了更高的要求。 四、國內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀 1)省會城市 在我國省會城市及計劃單列市中有近80%進行了堤岸景觀規(guī)劃。(參考文獻[3]) 城 市 項目名稱 城 市 項目名稱 北 京 長河城市水系統(tǒng)綜合治理 南 寧 堤岸園工程 長 沙 湘江風(fēng)光帶 寧 波 濱江大道沿江景觀工程 成 都 府南河綠化工程 上 海 外灘、陸家嘴濱江大道 福 州 閔江江濱公園 沈 陽 渾河觀光旅游帶 廣 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景觀、芳村長堤建設(shè) 太 原 汾河公園 貴 陽 南明河景觀綠化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程 哈爾濱 松花江南岸沿江風(fēng)景長廊 武 漢 漢口江灘一二期工程 昆 明 盤龍江中段濱水生態(tài)景觀建設(shè) 西 安 灞河大水大綠工程 蘭 州 黃河風(fēng)情線 重 慶 南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道 從規(guī)劃后建成情況看,這些城市河流堤岸景觀項目都得到了當?shù)卣c市民的肯定。在這些項目中,堤岸既可成為當?shù)刈罹呶Φ某鞘泄珗@,如太原的汾河公園和福州的江濱公園;堤岸也可成為市民日常休閑活動的熱點地段,如南寧的堤路園和武漢的漢口江灘工程;堤岸還可成為城市最具特色的地段,如重慶的南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道;堤岸更可成為城市旅游的熱點,如上海的外灘和陸家嘴濱江大道??傊?,經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃的堤岸已成為當?shù)刈罹咛厣牡貐^(qū)。 從建設(shè)效果看,相對堤岸的原來面貌而言,統(tǒng)計資料中的這些景觀工程都是較成功的,都成為當?shù)爻鞘嘘P(guān)注的熱點,成為當?shù)卣恼児こ?,成為當?shù)氐拿裥墓こ?。城市河流堤岸通過景觀規(guī)劃,有效地改善了濱河地段的環(huán)境,并帶動濱河地段的開發(fā)。但必須清醒地認識到,這些城市堤岸景觀項目規(guī)劃并非盡善盡美,也存在這樣或那樣的問題,仍有待完善。 2)中小城市 城市經(jīng)濟實力的強大決定了其城市建設(shè)水平的高標準和高水平。 中小城市河流堤岸景觀與統(tǒng)計資料中的城市存在較大的差距,存在更多的問題。特別是由于資金問題,堤岸景觀是,純?nèi)斯?,狀態(tài)的鋼筋混凝土防洪堤,或保持自然防洪狀態(tài)的土石堤,沒有經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃,易造成城市資源的極大浪費。 五、前景 目前,河流景觀建設(shè),特別是城市河流景觀建設(shè),在中國正方興未艾;在發(fā)達國家中也是一個久盛不衰的話題。 回顧發(fā)達國家河流景觀建設(shè)的歷史,自20世紀70年代以來,隨著人們環(huán)境意識的普遍增強,重視河流景觀的生態(tài)功能已成為一個時代的呼喚,河流景觀建設(shè)的生態(tài)設(shè)計方法也已得到了空前的重視和發(fā)展。他山之石可以攻玉,借鑒發(fā)達國家已經(jīng)形成的成熟的理念和做法,可以使我們少走彎路,搭上隆隆前進的生態(tài)建設(shè)之車。
English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project. Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economy Ancient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices. Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development. 土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設(shè)施,也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進行的勘測,設(shè)計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。 土木工程隨著人類社會的進步而發(fā)展,至今已經(jīng)演變成為大型綜合性的學(xué)科,它已經(jīng)出許多分支,如:建筑工程,鐵路工程,道路工程,橋梁工程,特種工程結(jié)構(gòu),給水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,環(huán)境工程等學(xué)科。土木工程共有六個專業(yè):建筑學(xué),城市規(guī)劃,土木工程,建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程,給水排水工程和道路橋梁工程。 土木工程作為一個重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科,有其重要的屬性:綜合性,社會性,實踐性,統(tǒng)一性。土木工程為國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),對眾多產(chǎn)業(yè)的振興發(fā)揮了促進作用,工程建設(shè)是形成固定資產(chǎn)的基本生產(chǎn)過程,因此,建筑業(yè)和房地產(chǎn)成為許多國家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟支柱之一。 . 古代的土木工程有很長的時間跨度,大致從公元前500年新石器時代出現(xiàn)原始的土木工程活動到16世紀末意大利的文藝復(fù)興,導(dǎo)致土木工程走上迅速發(fā)展的道路為止,前后經(jīng)歷了兩千多年。在這段時間內(nèi),由于科學(xué)理論發(fā)展及其緩慢,土木工程也沒有突破習(xí)慣的發(fā)展。 從17世紀中頁開始到20 世紀40年代第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束為止的300年間,**的建筑取得了長足的進步。土木工程進入了定量分析階段。一些理論的發(fā)展,新材料的出現(xiàn),新工具的發(fā)明,都使土木工程科學(xué)日漸完善和成熟。到了近代,二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之后,許多國家經(jīng)濟起飛,現(xiàn)代科學(xué)日益進步,從而為進一步發(fā)展提供了強大的動力和物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。 人們生活水平的不斷提高,必然要求越來越舒適的居住環(huán)境,在這種情況下,建筑的發(fā)展直接推動了土木工程的發(fā)展。 總的來說土木工程是一門古老的學(xué)科,它已經(jīng)取得了巨大的成就,未來的土木工程將在人們的生活中占據(jù)更重要的地位。地球環(huán)境的日益惡化,人口的不斷增加,人們?yōu)榱藸幦∩?,為了爭取更舒適的生存環(huán)境,必將更加重視土木工程。在不久的將來,一些重大項目將會陸續(xù)興建,插入云霄的摩天大樓,橫跨大樣的橋梁,更加方便的交通將不是夢想??萍嫉陌l(fā)展,以及地球不斷惡化的環(huán)境必將促使土木工程向太空和海洋發(fā)展,為人類提供更廣闊的生存空間。近年來,工程材料主要是鋼筋,混凝土,木材和磚材,在未來,傳統(tǒng)材料將得到改觀,一些全新的更加適合建筑的材料將問世,尤其是化學(xué)合成材料將推動建筑走向更高點。同時,設(shè)計方法的精確化,設(shè)計工作的自動化,信息和智能話技術(shù)的全面引入,將會是人們有一個更加舒適的居住環(huán)境。一句話,理論的發(fā)展,新材料的出現(xiàn),計算機的應(yīng)用,高新技術(shù)的引入等都將使土木工程有一個新的飛躍.
The urban river embankment discuss the ecological construction Anonymous XXXXXXXX Abstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future prospects. Keywords: the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situation Text: A, background River Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity high. The traditional embankment design often sin*** ? 一、背景 河流的堤岸部分是水陸交錯的過渡地帶,具有顯著的邊緣效應(yīng)。這里有活躍的物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分和能量的流動,為多種生物提供了棲息地。自然狀態(tài)下的堤岸往往物種豐富、生產(chǎn)力高。 傳統(tǒng)的堤岸設(shè)計往往會單純從防洪角度出發(fā),采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起來高高的堤岸。它的優(yōu)點在于高度的可靠性,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計后加起防護堤岸抗流水沖刷能力顯著增強。對于洪水暴發(fā)頻繁、侵蝕嚴重的區(qū)段,這樣的設(shè)計無可厚非,而對于一般河流堤岸的修建,這樣的設(shè)計則顯得缺乏環(huán)境的美化和綠化,同時也破壞許多對生態(tài)起重要作用的自然因素,如破壞植被與河床間的聯(lián)系,造成沖刷侵蝕轉(zhuǎn)移等。 另外,河流作為城市風(fēng)貌不可多得的珍惜資源,也是城市風(fēng)貌的特色要素,它的景觀塑造顯得十分必要。同時,堤岸景觀建設(shè)必然使濱河地區(qū)土地價值提升,濱水開發(fā)的高投資回報的特點更增強了對城市堤岸景觀建設(shè)的需求。 二、需求——堤岸的生態(tài)化建設(shè) 河流堤岸作為城市中最鄰近河流的區(qū)域,是城市與河流的銜接線,它的景觀規(guī)劃是提高城市生活品質(zhì)的需要,也是豐富城市景觀的需要。 生態(tài)化建設(shè),它的根本思路是運用自然本身抗干擾和自我修復(fù)的能力來處理人與自然的關(guān)系。生態(tài)設(shè)計方法不同于傳統(tǒng)用人工的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來取代自然的方法,而是用自然的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來順應(yīng)自然的進程。 將河岸與河道在生態(tài)上聯(lián)系起來,也就實現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分、能量的交流:對于生物,它提供了合適的棲息地;植物根系可固著土壤,枝葉可截留雨水,過濾地表逕流,抵抗流水沖刷,從而起到保護堤岸、增加堤岸結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性、凈化水質(zhì)、涵養(yǎng)水源的作用,而且隨著時間的推移,這些作用被不斷加強。同時,生態(tài)化建設(shè)以自然的外貌出現(xiàn),容易與環(huán)境取得協(xié)調(diào),造價也較低,不需要長期的維護管理。 三、河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計方式 河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計,要遵守生態(tài)設(shè)計的原則,注重地方性、保護與節(jié)約自然資本、讓自然做功、顯露自然,主要體現(xiàn)在對地域氣候環(huán)境、河流地質(zhì)地貌、水文變化的適應(yīng),對河流生態(tài)環(huán)境的考慮,對堤岸地形的處理和對筑堤材料的選擇和構(gòu)造方式方面。 1) 人工類: 傳統(tǒng)方法是采用塊石或混凝土塊磚等堆砌??稍诖嘶A(chǔ)上加以改進以適應(yīng)河流景觀設(shè)計的需求。 a) 塊石或混凝土塊磚干砌,不用砂漿。這樣在砌塊之間就留有空隙,為后期濱河植物的生長提供了空間。隨著時間的推移,堤岸會逐漸呈現(xiàn)出自然的風(fēng)貌。 b) 堤岸采用臺階式分級,臺階面上的空間加以利用,種植植物。 當然這兩種改進方法對于河岸處現(xiàn)有植被仍存在一定的不良影響,人工痕跡也過于明顯。 2) 自然類: 充分利用堤岸植被原型,可直接將適用于濱河地帶生長的植被種植于堤岸上,利用植物的根、莖、葉來穩(wěn)固堤岸,防止侵蝕、控制沉積的同時也為生物提供了棲息地。 3) 人工自然相結(jié)合 綜合了以上兩種方法的優(yōu)點,具有人工結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性和自然的外貌,見效快、生態(tài)效益好,以下為常見的兩種類型: a) 種植植物的堆石 將由大小不同的石塊組成的堆石置于與水接觸的土壤表面,再把活體切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加穩(wěn)定。根系可提高強度,植被可遮蓋石塊,使堤岸外貌更加自然。 b) 與植物結(jié)合使用的插孔式混凝土塊 將預(yù)制的混凝土塊以連鎖的形式置于岸底的淺渠中,再將植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土塊之間和堤岸上部,其上覆土壓實,再播種草本植物。 堤岸生態(tài)化建設(shè)也存在一定的局限性。如:選用的材料及建造方法不同,堤岸的防護能力相差很大,需要運用多學(xué)科知識認真分析,這就為設(shè)計人員提出了更大的挑戰(zhàn);建造初期若受到強烈干擾,則會影響到以后防護作用的發(fā)揮等。這也就對河流堤岸的生態(tài)化設(shè)計提出了更高的要求。 四、國內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀 1)省會城市 在我國省會城市及計劃單列市中有近80%進行了堤岸景觀規(guī)劃。(參考文獻[3]) 城 市 項目名稱 城 市 項目名稱 北 京 長河城市水系統(tǒng)綜合治理 南 寧 堤岸園工程 長 沙 湘江風(fēng)光帶 寧 波 濱江大道沿江景觀工程 成 都 府南河綠化工程 上 海 外灘、陸家嘴濱江大道 福 州 閔江江濱公園 沈 陽 渾河觀光旅游帶 廣 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景觀、芳村長堤建設(shè) 太 原 汾河公園 貴 陽 南明河景觀綠化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程 哈爾濱 松花江南岸沿江風(fēng)景長廊 武 漢 漢口江灘一二期工程 昆 明 盤龍江中段濱水生態(tài)景觀建設(shè) 西 安 灞河大水大綠工程 蘭 州 黃河風(fēng)情線 重 慶 南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道 從規(guī)劃后建成情況看,這些城市河流堤岸景觀項目都得到了當?shù)卣c市民的肯定。在這些項目中,堤岸既可成為當?shù)刈罹呶Φ某鞘泄珗@,如太原的汾河公園和福州的江濱公園;堤岸也可成為市民日常休閑活動的熱點地段,如南寧的堤路園和武漢的漢口江灘工程;堤岸還可成為城市最具特色的地段,如重慶的南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道;堤岸更可成為城市旅游的熱點,如上海的外灘和陸家嘴濱江大道??傊?jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃的堤岸已成為當?shù)刈罹咛厣牡貐^(qū)。 從建設(shè)效果看,相對堤岸的原來面貌而言,統(tǒng)計資料中的這些景觀工程都是較成功的,都成為當?shù)爻鞘嘘P(guān)注的熱點,成為當?shù)卣恼児こ?,成為當?shù)氐拿裥墓こ?。城市河流堤岸通過景觀規(guī)劃,有效地改善了濱河地段的環(huán)境,并帶動濱河地段的開發(fā)。但必須清醒地認識到,這些城市堤岸景觀項目規(guī)劃并非盡善盡美,也存在這樣或那樣的問題,仍有待完善。 2)中小城市 城市經(jīng)濟實力的強大決定了其城市建設(shè)水平的高標準和高水平。 中小城市河流堤岸景觀與統(tǒng)計資料中的城市存在較大的差距,存在更多的問題。特別是由于資金問題,堤岸景觀是,純?nèi)斯?,狀態(tài)的鋼筋混凝土防洪堤,或保持自然防洪狀態(tài)的土石堤,沒有經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃,易造成城市資源的極大浪費。 五、前景 目前,河流景觀建設(shè),特別是城市河流景觀建設(shè),在中國正方興未艾;在發(fā)達國家中也是一個久盛不衰的話題。 回顧發(fā)達國家河流景觀建設(shè)的歷史,自20世紀70年代以來,隨著人們環(huán)境意識的普遍增強,重視河流景觀的生態(tài)功能已成為一個時代的呼喚,河流景觀建設(shè)的生態(tài)設(shè)計方法也已得到了空前的重視和發(fā)展。他山之石可以攻玉,借鑒發(fā)達國家已經(jīng)形成的成熟的理念和做法,可以使我們少走彎路,搭上隆隆前進的生態(tài)建設(shè)之車。
English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project. Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many industries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic production process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economy Ancient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, due to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices. Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development. 土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設(shè)施,也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進行的勘測,設(shè)計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。 土木工程隨著人類社會的進步而發(fā)展,至今已經(jīng)演變成為大型綜合性的學(xué)科,它已經(jīng)出許多分支,如:建筑工程,鐵路工程,道路工程,橋梁工程,特種工程結(jié)構(gòu),給水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,環(huán)境工程等學(xué)科。土木工程共有六個專業(yè):建筑學(xué),城市規(guī)劃,土木工程,建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程,給水排水工程和道路橋梁工程。 土木工程作為一個重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科,有其重要的屬性:綜合性,社會性,實踐性,統(tǒng)一性。土木工程為國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),對眾多產(chǎn)業(yè)的振興發(fā)揮了促進作用,工程建設(shè)是形成固定資產(chǎn)的基本生產(chǎn)過程,因此,建筑業(yè)和房地產(chǎn)成為許多國家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟支柱之一。 . 古代的土木工程有很長的時間跨度,大致從公元前500年新石器時代出現(xiàn)原始的土木工程活動到16世紀末意大利的文藝復(fù)興,導(dǎo)致土木工程走上迅速發(fā)展的道路為止,前后經(jīng)歷了兩千多年。在這段時間內(nèi),由于科學(xué)理論發(fā)展及其緩慢,土木工程也沒有突破習(xí)慣的發(fā)展。 從17世紀中頁開始到20 世紀40年代第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束為止的300年間,**的建筑取得了長足的進步。土木工程進入了定量分析階段。一些理論的發(fā)展,新材料的出現(xiàn),新工具的發(fā)明,都使土木工程科學(xué)日漸完善和成熟。到了近代,二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之后,許多國家經(jīng)濟起飛,現(xiàn)代科學(xué)日益進步,從而為進一步發(fā)展提供了強大的動力和物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。 人們生活水平的不斷提高,必然要求越來越舒適的居住環(huán)境,在這種情況下,建筑的發(fā)展直接推動了土木工程的發(fā)展。 總的來說土木工程是一門古老的學(xué)科,它已經(jīng)取得了巨大的成就,未來的土木工程將在人們的生活中占據(jù)更重要的地位。地球環(huán)境的日益惡化,人口的不斷增加,人們?yōu)榱藸幦∩?,為了爭取更舒適的生存環(huán)境,必將更加重視土木工程。在不久的將來,一些重大項目將會陸續(xù)興建,插入云霄的摩天大樓,橫跨大樣的橋梁,更加方便的交通將不是夢想??萍嫉陌l(fā)展,以及地球不斷惡化的環(huán)境必將促使土木工程向太空和海洋發(fā)展,為人類提供更廣闊的生存空間。近年來,工程材料主要是鋼筋,混凝土,木材和磚材,在未來,傳統(tǒng)材料將得到改觀,一些全新的更加適合建筑的材料將問世,尤其是化學(xué)合成材料將推動建筑走向更高點。同時,設(shè)計方法的精確化,設(shè)計工作的自動化,信息和智能話技術(shù)的全面引入,將會是人們有一個更加舒適的居住環(huán)境。一句話,理論的發(fā)展,新材料的出現(xiàn),計算機的應(yīng)用,高新技術(shù)的引入等都將使土木工程有一個新的飛躍.
The car since 1885, "the father of automobile" Karl Benzmade the world's first tricycle, automobile has become one of the indispensable traffic tools of modern. The car generally consists of four basic parts of the engine,chassis, body and electrical equipment. Engine is the power unit of the car, just as our heart; the chassis is equivalent to the human skeleton, to support, installation of car parts; all kinds of apparel automobile body like us, not only used for automobile body, also can be through a variety of different automobile brands and models;electrical equipment from power and two parts electrical equipment, it is like the brain nerve, command "heart"movement. Do you know? First steam car is made inBeijing of china. In 1672, Belgian missionary Nan Huairen,in Beijing to create steam powered mechanical device, has become the first car four wheel steam car. At that time,Watt wasn't born, compound steam engine than he made115 years earlier, Biximingdun steam machine used in theearly 123 years, 150 years earlier than the train forStephenson, 200 years earlier than the Boolean forautomobile. Vehicle classification has many kinds, usually analysed by end use classification, can be divided into ordinary transport vehicle and special vehicle; according tothe power plant classification, divided into the steam engine, internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles, solar car etc.. Modern cars bring convenience to humans has also brought pollution, more than a hundred years ago, the carrunning has been dependent on gasoline engine. Over the past ten years, the development of electric vehicle batterytechnology, gradually approached us. Electric cars can be divided into three categories, hybrid, plug-in hybrid andelectric vehicle. They are using a power driven, in order to reduce gasoline use, even without the use of gasoline.Influence of electric vehicles on the environment compared with the traditional car is small, safe and convenientenergy, is the social trend of future automotive development. In the development of automobile industry,people in constant progress, I believe there will be more and better the miracle appear!
Acar wash(also written as "carwash") orauto washis a facility used to clean the exterior and, in some cases, the interior ofmotor vehicles. Categories While there are many types of car washes, most fall into the following categories: Hand car wash facilities, where the vehicle is washed by employees. Self-service facilities, which are generally coin-operated, where the customer does the washing, including "jet washing". In-bay automatics, which consist of an automatic machine that rolls back and forth over a stationary vehicle - often seen atfilling stationsand stand-alone wash sites. Tunnel washes, which use aconveyorto move the vehicle through a series of fixed cleaning mechanisms. Chemical car wash, also known as waterless car wash, uses chemicals to wash and polish car sur**. Thought to have originated in Australia and claims to be an eco-friendly car wash method.[citation needed] Steam car washes use a jet of steam and micro fiber towels, some include detergent injection. Known to have originated from South Korea, steam car washes have been especially popular as a low-investment, eco-friendly car wash solution in Asia, Middle East and Europe thanks to its sanitizing features and mobility.[citation needed] Mobile Car Washes, often also serving as mobile detailing systems, which carry plastic water tanks and use pressure washers. Sometimes these systems are mounted on trailers, on trucks, or in vans. Generally these operators also have a generator to run a shop vac., buffers and other tools as well.[citation needed] Mechanizedcar washes, especially those with brushes, were once avoided by some meticulous car owners because of the risk of damaging the finish. Paint finishes have improved as have car washing processes, and this perception of vehicle damage is much less today. However, this perception was the motive behind the rise of facilities utilizing "brushless" (cloth) and "touch-free" (high-pressure water) equipment, as well as modern "foam" washing wheels made of closed cell foam. In today's modern car wash facilities, whether tunnel, in-bay automatic or self-serve, soaps and other cleaning solutions used are designed to loosen and eliminate dirt and grime. This is in contrast to earlier times, whenhydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical, was commonly used as a cleaning agent in the industry by some operators. There has been a strong move in the industry to shift to safer cleaning solutions. Most car wash facilities are required by law to treat and/or reuse their water and may be required to maintain waste-water discharge permits, in contrast to unregulated facilities or even driveway washing (at one's home), where waste-water can end up in the storm drain and, eventually, in streams, rivers and lakes. Self-serve car wash http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_wash

發(fā)表評論
還沒有評論,來說兩句吧...