論文摘要的英文翻譯如下：第一步：題名翻譯 1、題名常見(jiàn)句型：一般用名詞性短語(yǔ)（詞組式），不能用不定式或完整句式?；揪湫蜑椋篟esearch of （對(duì)于XXX的研究）；Study on（基于XXX的研究）；Design of（關(guān)于

摘要的英文是abstract。例句：1、請(qǐng)寫(xiě)一份這本書(shū)〔這篇論文〕的摘要。Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕．2、他把那些論文都讀了一遍并做了內(nèi)容摘要。He read through the papers and made an

土木工程的論文摘要翻譯成英語(yǔ)，急求，不要在線翻譯軟件的 Thesis Abstract for Civil Engineering needs to be translated into English, Which is urgently wanted, Online software translation is rejected 隨著建筑業(yè)管理體制

Architecture is energy-intense, the energy conservation of the building is the development of construction. In developed countries, and suitable temperature has become a basic needs. Xinjiang as northern China heatin

The design of the subject 12 for the University of the South Campus student apartment building # construction organization design, the apartment building is located in Xi'an Yangling District, six-storey brick-c

specific loads relative size relationship.

土木工程概論論文摘要的英文翻譯

1、瀝青路面結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的低成本 structural Design of Asphalt Pavement for Low Cost 農(nóng)村道路 Rural Roads 2、structural Design of Asphalt Pavement for Low Cost Rural Roads In developing countriesru

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設(shè)施,也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè),設(shè)計(jì)施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展,至

你知道用英文怎樣告訴他人,工程師和土木工程師是干什么的嗎?SO,here:Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between

急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬(wàn)分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬(wàn)分感謝!!! 展開(kāi)  我來(lái)答 2個(gè)回答 #熱議# 你發(fā)朋友圈

找到一份工作,對(duì)大多數(shù)畢業(yè)生來(lái)講并非是難事,然而土木工程專業(yè)的就業(yè)前景與國(guó)家政策及經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方向密切相關(guān),其行業(yè)薪酬水平近年來(lái)更是呈現(xiàn)出管理高于技術(shù)的傾向,而從技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)向管理,也成為諸多土木工程專業(yè)畢業(yè)生職業(yè)生涯中不可避免的瓶頸。

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

To promote urbanization. Well-known American economist, Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz at the World Bank conference in terms of: the 21st century the most important influences on human process, there are two things

急求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的英語(yǔ)論文,翻譯成中文3000字左右!!!

Civil Engineering, the oldest in human history, "technical science" as a system of industrial activity in real terms in the production process of a civil engineering technical process Civil Engineering and also

engineering consulting services engineering staff are mostly the elite belong to the high intelligence and complex talent and their intelligence services to obtain from the value of knowledge consistent with their high returns.

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

Following final location,whether done in field or office,suffcient curvature,tangency,and other control points must be carefully referenced on the ground to permit easy location of the line dyring all phases of

土木工程英語(yǔ)論文翻譯

The difference in soil behavior in compression and in shear suggests to separate the stresses and deformations into two parts, one describing compression, and another describing shear. This will be presented in th

Engineersconsider many factors when developing a new product. For example, in developing an industrial robot, engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the robot抯 components; integrate

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

Following final location,whether done in field or office,suffcient curvature,tangency,and other control points must be carefully referenced on the ground to permit easy location of the line dyring all phases of

求土木工程專業(yè)外語(yǔ)文章翻譯

WOOD BRIDGE FAILURE ANALYSIS by Charles C. Roberts, Jr. There are many private bridges owned by insured's throughout the country. The maintenance of these bridges is typically the responsibility of the insured. From time to time, a vehicle traveling over the bridge will cause a collapse of the bridge, damage to the vehicle and possible personal injury. The owner of the bridge, the insured, is often accused of negligent maintenance of the structure. This may or may not be true. Factors regarding the loss that tend to implicate the insured are: 1. Deterioration of the wood bridge structure 2. Improper design of the bridge structure 3. Improper construction Deterioration of the wood structure can be easily observed from failed wood members (see Claims, March 1991, Wood Failure Analysis). Dry rot, insect attack, and other decay related failure modes signal the weakening of the structure. Improper design can be assessed by looking at plans and determining the load capacity of the structure by calculation. Improper material selection such as not specifying treated wood at specific locations may be a design deficiency. Finally, improper construction, such as failure to install members or bolts can sufficiently weaken a structure. The mere failure of a bridge, where the claimant gets "dumped in the creek" is not usually persuasive in assigning liability to the insured. Some examples of factors implicating claimants are: 1. Operating an overloaded vehicle 2. Impacting the structure causing failure 3. Traveling at a speed such that dynamic forces overload the structure FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 Overloading a construction vehicle to save trips to the **** quarry is not unheard of. Vehicular impact with a bridge structural member can cause failure. Dynamic forces, those caused by bouncing or swaying, can superimpose additional loads on the bridge, causing a failure. Figure 1 is a view of a large truck that attempted to back over a private bridge to dump a load of gravel. Immediately, when the rear dual axles of the truck were supported by the bridge, a collapse occurred, trapping the truck on the bridge. The truck was recovered and the bridge analyzed. Figure 2 shows a wood beam that had failed in a rotted area. The loss scenario is a classic failure to maintain. FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 Figures 3 and 4 are views of a private suspension footbridge over a small creek. The insured was in the habit of letting snowmobilers drive their sleds over the bridge between farm fields. While crossing the bridge, a sled and driver fell through the bridge into the creek. Failure analysis of the wood stringers showed a degree of rot, reducing the load carrying capacity. However, the bouncing of the snowmobile as it crossed the wood stringers added dynamic loading to the system resulting in the loss. Here a combination of wood rot and dynamic loading explains the failure. When analyzing bridge failures, structural analysis of the bridge aids in the determination of load capacity. Computing or measuring the vehicle load determines the safety margin of the system, i.e., the difference between the bridge load capacity and the load carried. Finally, investigating deterioration, construction and design peculiarities further refines the cause of failure.
在朝派ruban和郊區(qū)areas徑流水域公畝處理通過(guò)a系統(tǒng)的排水srructures引去參考向某樣的人雨水道和他們的appurtenances.The排水問(wèn)題存在增加在朝派這些areas主要對(duì)于兩reasoms:the不能透過(guò)的本質(zhì)的區(qū)域創(chuàng)造a非常高度runoff;and那里存在很少寄宿為天然的東西流淚courses它存在常常becessary向收取整個(gè)猛襲waterinto asysterm的管子和播送信號(hào)它剩余物相當(dāng)大距離befor它罐被松開(kāi)再次某樣的人浮出水面徑流這個(gè)臟的沒(méi)有ponding因此消滅一些天然的東西存儲(chǔ)和通過(guò)增**度也高峰caues的更短工時(shí),systen,就象涵洞和橋是was,是更對(duì)shortduration高強(qiáng)度降雨量雨水道敏感設(shè)計(jì)在經(jīng)濟(jì)和量的ponding上各種各樣強(qiáng)度回程時(shí)期關(guān)系doponding的rof暴風(fēng)雨的高峰徑流被更迅速達(dá)到那個(gè)罐被容忍
The urban river embankment discuss the ecological construction Anonymous XXXXXXXX Abstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future prospects. Keywords: the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situation Text: A, background River Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity high. The traditional embankment design often sin*** ? 一、背景 河流的堤岸部分是水陸交錯(cuò)的過(guò)渡地帶，具有顯著的邊緣效應(yīng)。這里有活躍的物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分和能量的流動(dòng)，為多種生物提供了棲息地。自然狀態(tài)下的堤岸往往物種豐富、生產(chǎn)力高。 傳統(tǒng)的堤岸設(shè)計(jì)往往會(huì)單純從防洪角度出發(fā)，采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起來(lái)高高的堤岸。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于高度的可靠性，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)后加起防護(hù)堤岸抗流水沖刷能力顯著增強(qiáng)。對(duì)于洪水暴發(fā)頻繁、侵蝕嚴(yán)重的區(qū)段，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)無(wú)可厚非，而對(duì)于一般河流堤岸的修建，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)則顯得缺乏環(huán)境的美化和綠化，同時(shí)也破壞許多對(duì)生態(tài)起重要作用的自然因素，如破壞植被與河床間的聯(lián)系，造成沖刷侵蝕轉(zhuǎn)移等。 另外，河流作為城市風(fēng)貌不可多得的珍惜資源，也是城市風(fēng)貌的特色要素，它的景觀塑造顯得十分必要。同時(shí)，堤岸景觀建設(shè)必然使濱河地區(qū)土地價(jià)值提升，濱水開(kāi)發(fā)的高投資回報(bào)的特點(diǎn)更增強(qiáng)了對(duì)城市堤岸景觀建設(shè)的需求。 二、需求——堤岸的生態(tài)化建設(shè) 河流堤岸作為城市中最鄰近河流的區(qū)域，是城市與河流的銜接線，它的景觀規(guī)劃是提高城市生活品質(zhì)的需要，也是豐富城市景觀的需要。 生態(tài)化建設(shè)，它的根本思路是運(yùn)用自然本身抗干擾和自我修復(fù)的能力來(lái)處理人與自然的關(guān)系。生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)方法不同于傳統(tǒng)用人工的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來(lái)取代自然的方法，而是用自然的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來(lái)順應(yīng)自然的進(jìn)程。 將河岸與河道在生態(tài)上聯(lián)系起來(lái)，也就實(shí)現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分、能量的交流：對(duì)于生物，它提供了合適的棲息地；植物根系可固著土壤，枝葉可截留雨水，過(guò)濾地表逕流，抵抗流水沖刷，從而起到保護(hù)堤岸、增加堤岸結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性、凈化水質(zhì)、涵養(yǎng)水源的作用，而且隨著時(shí)間的推移，這些作用被不斷加強(qiáng)。同時(shí)，生態(tài)化建設(shè)以自然的外貌出現(xiàn)，容易與環(huán)境取得協(xié)調(diào)，造價(jià)也較低，不需要長(zhǎng)期的維護(hù)管理。 三、河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)方式 河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)，要遵守生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)的原則，注重地方性、保護(hù)與節(jié)約自然資本、讓自然做功、顯露自然，主要體現(xiàn)在對(duì)地域氣候環(huán)境、河流地質(zhì)地貌、水文變化的適應(yīng)，對(duì)河流生態(tài)環(huán)境的考慮，對(duì)堤岸地形的處理和對(duì)筑堤材料的選擇和構(gòu)造方式方面。 1） 人工類： 傳統(tǒng)方法是采用塊石或混凝土塊磚等堆砌。可在此基礎(chǔ)上加以改進(jìn)以適應(yīng)河流景觀設(shè)計(jì)的需求。 a) 塊石或混凝土塊磚干砌，不用砂漿。這樣在砌塊之間就留有空隙，為后期濱河植物的生長(zhǎng)提供了空間。隨著時(shí)間的推移，堤岸會(huì)逐漸呈現(xiàn)出自然的風(fēng)貌。 b) 堤岸采用臺(tái)階式分級(jí)，臺(tái)階面上的空間加以利用，種植植物。 當(dāng)然這兩種改進(jìn)方法對(duì)于河岸處現(xiàn)有植被仍存在一定的不良影響，人工痕跡也過(guò)于明顯。 2） 自然類： 充分利用堤岸植被原型，可直接將適用于濱河地帶生長(zhǎng)的植被種植于堤岸上，利用植物的根、莖、葉來(lái)穩(wěn)固堤岸，防止侵蝕、控制沉積的同時(shí)也為生物提供了棲息地。 3） 人工自然相結(jié)合 綜合了以上兩種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，具有人工結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性和自然的外貌，見(jiàn)效快、生態(tài)效益好，以下為常見(jiàn)的兩種類型： a) 種植植物的堆石 將由大小不同的石塊組成的堆石置于與水接觸的土壤表面，再把活體切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加穩(wěn)定。根系可提高強(qiáng)度，植被可遮蓋石塊，使堤岸外貌更加自然。 b) 與植物結(jié)合使用的插孔式混凝土塊 將預(yù)制的混凝土塊以連鎖的形式置于岸底的淺渠中，再將植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土塊之間和堤岸上部，其上覆土壓實(shí)，再播種草本植物。 堤岸生態(tài)化建設(shè)也存在一定的局限性。如：選用的材料及建造方法不同，堤岸的防護(hù)能力相差很大，需要運(yùn)用多學(xué)科知識(shí)認(rèn)真分析，這就為設(shè)計(jì)人員提出了更大的挑戰(zhàn)；建造初期若受到強(qiáng)烈干擾，則會(huì)影響到以后防護(hù)作用的發(fā)揮等。這也就對(duì)河流堤岸的生態(tài)化設(shè)計(jì)提出了更高的要求。 四、國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀 1）省會(huì)城市 在我國(guó)省會(huì)城市及計(jì)劃單列市中有近80％進(jìn)行了堤岸景觀規(guī)劃。（參考文獻(xiàn)[3]） 城 市 項(xiàng)目名稱 城 市 項(xiàng)目名稱 北 京 長(zhǎng)河城市水系統(tǒng)綜合治理 南 寧 堤岸園工程 長(zhǎng) 沙 湘江風(fēng)光帶 寧 波 濱江大道沿江景觀工程 成 都 府南河綠化工程 上 海 外灘、陸家嘴濱江大道 福 州 閔江江濱公園 沈 陽(yáng) 渾河觀光旅游帶 廣 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景觀、芳村長(zhǎng)堤建設(shè) 太 原 汾河公園 貴 陽(yáng) 南明河景觀綠化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程 哈爾濱 松花江南岸沿江風(fēng)景長(zhǎng)廊 武 漢 漢口江灘一二期工程 昆 明 盤(pán)龍江中段濱水生態(tài)景觀建設(shè) 西 安 灞河大水大綠工程 蘭 州 黃河風(fēng)情線 重 慶 南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道 從規(guī)劃后建成情況看，這些城市河流堤岸景觀項(xiàng)目都得到了當(dāng)?shù)卣c市民的肯定。在這些項(xiàng)目中，堤岸既可成為當(dāng)?shù)刈罹呶Φ某鞘泄珗@，如太原的汾河公園和福州的江濱公園；堤岸也可成為市民日常休閑活動(dòng)的熱點(diǎn)地段，如南寧的堤路園和武漢的漢口江灘工程；堤岸還可成為城市最具特色的地段，如重慶的南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道；堤岸更可成為城市旅游的熱點(diǎn)，如上海的外灘和陸家嘴濱江大道。總之，經(jīng)過(guò)景觀規(guī)劃的堤岸已成為當(dāng)?shù)刈罹咛厣牡貐^(qū)。 從建設(shè)效果看，相對(duì)堤岸的原來(lái)面貌而言，統(tǒng)計(jì)資料中的這些景觀工程都是較成功的，都成為當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘嘘P(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)，成為當(dāng)?shù)卣恼?jī)工程，成為當(dāng)?shù)氐拿裥墓こ?。城市河流堤岸通過(guò)景觀規(guī)劃，有效地改善了濱河地段的環(huán)境，并帶動(dòng)濱河地段的開(kāi)發(fā)。但必須清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到，這些城市堤岸景觀項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃并非盡善盡美，也存在這樣或那樣的問(wèn)題，仍有待完善。 2）中小城市 城市經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的強(qiáng)大決定了其城市建設(shè)水平的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和高水平。 中小城市河流堤岸景觀與統(tǒng)計(jì)資料中的城市存在較大的差距，存在更多的問(wèn)題。特別是由于資金問(wèn)題，堤岸景觀是，純?nèi)斯?，狀態(tài)的鋼筋混凝土防洪堤，或保持自然防洪狀態(tài)的土石堤，沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)景觀規(guī)劃，易造成城市資源的極大浪費(fèi)。 五、前景 目前，河流景觀建設(shè)，特別是城市河流景觀建設(shè)，在中國(guó)正方興未艾；在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中也是一個(gè)久盛不衰的話題。 回顧發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家河流景觀建設(shè)的歷史，自20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，隨著人們環(huán)境意識(shí)的普遍增強(qiáng)，重視河流景觀的生態(tài)功能已成為一個(gè)時(shí)代的呼喚，河流景觀建設(shè)的生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)方法也已得到了空前的重視和發(fā)展。他山之石可以攻玉，借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)形成的成熟的理念和做法，可以使我們少走彎路，搭上隆隆前進(jìn)的生態(tài)建設(shè)之車。
　　這是一小段，看看行吧，行我就全傳給你 　　Organization of this text 　　Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to ****et-launching facilities. 　　土木工程，最老的工程專業(yè)，是建筑環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、施工和管理。這個(gè)環(huán)境包括從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施的所有根據(jù)科學(xué)原理建造的結(jié)構(gòu)物。 　　Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations． 　　土木工程師修建道路、橋梁、隧道、大壩、港口、發(fā)電站、水系統(tǒng)和污水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院、學(xué)校、公共交通系統(tǒng)，以及現(xiàn)代化社會(huì)和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共設(shè)施。 　　Civil engineering and civil engineers 　　They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use． 　　他們也修建私人擁有的設(shè)施，如 **、鐵路、水渠、高樓大廈，和為工業(yè)、商業(yè)、民用設(shè)計(jì)的其他大型建筑。
你好，已經(jīng)給你發(fā)送過(guò)去兩篇英文文獻(xiàn)，是上圖書(shū)館資源數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)搜索的。不過(guò)沒(méi)有翻譯，這個(gè)真的很難的。 2篇文章題名為： 《Automated output-only dynamic identification of civil engineering structures》 《Advances in Structural Control in Civil Engineering in China》 希望對(duì)你有幫助~ 知道 舉手之勞團(tuán)隊(duì) 隊(duì)長(zhǎng)：曉斌
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命題時(shí)，若不考慮邏輯上有關(guān)外延和內(nèi)涵的恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用，則有可能出現(xiàn)謬誤，至少是不當(dāng)。如：'對(duì)農(nóng)村合理的全、畜、機(jī)動(dòng)力組合的設(shè)計(jì)'這一標(biāo)題即存在邏輯上的錯(cuò)誤。題名中的'人'，其外延可能是青壯年，也可以是指嬰兒、幼兒或老人，因?yàn)楹笳咭?quot;人'，然而卻不是具有勞動(dòng)能力的人，顯然不屬于命題所指，所以泛用'人'，其外延不當(dāng)。同理，'畜'可以指牛，但也可以指羊和豬，試問(wèn)，哪里見(jiàn)到過(guò)用羊和豬來(lái)犁田拉磨的呢？所以也屬于外延不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤。其中，由于使用'勞力'與'畜力'，就不會(huì)分別誤解成那些不具有勞動(dòng)能力和不能使役的對(duì)象。 論文題目雖然居于首先映入讀者眼簾的醒目位置，但仍然存在題目是否醒目的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)轭}目所用字句及其所表現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容是否醒目，其產(chǎn)生的效果是相距甚遠(yuǎn)的。 正文是一篇論文的本論，屬于論文的主體，它占據(jù)論文的最大篇幅。論文所體現(xiàn)的創(chuàng)造性成果或新的研究結(jié)果，都將在這一部分得到充分的反映。因此，要求這一部分內(nèi)容充實(shí)，論據(jù)充分、可靠，論證有力，主題明確。為了滿足這一系列要求，同時(shí)也為了做到層次分明、脈絡(luò)清晰，常常將正文部分人成幾個(gè)大的段落。這些段落即所謂邏輯段，一個(gè)邏輯段可包含幾個(gè)自然段。每一邏輯段落可冠以適當(dāng)標(biāo)題(分標(biāo)題或小標(biāo)題)。
On the Building Construction Problems and Suggestions Abstract With the accelerated process of urbanization, China has become the world's largest national housing construction, thereby increasing the quality of construction is particularly important. To improve construction quality, we must first do a good job engineering survey and design, followed by the owner, design, construction, supervision and other parties of the collaboration is a prerequisite for quality assurance. Furthermore, we need standardized supervision and strengthen the quality of the construction supervision team and do a visa process sub-projects a good job in technological innovation. For the benefit of future generations, prevent and reduce accidents, to protect people's lives and property safety, so that society as a whole focus on quality. Engineering Quality in Construction problem is the core issue is to determine the key to the success of project construction. With economic development, engineering, construction tasks, increasing the quality engineering continue to emerge at the same time, there's shabby work to make the country suffer great losses to people's lives and posed a serious threat aroused widespread concern. Keywords: construction, construction management, engineering, quality, supervision 我是按照樓主的格式翻譯的，你看看滿意否。