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Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and
要求如下:1.字數(shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字數(shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關于土木工程類的3.必須
急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 展開 我來答 2個回答 #熱議# 你發(fā)朋友圈
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設施,也指應用的材料設備和進行的勘測,設計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術。土木工程隨著人類社
To promote urbanization. Well-known American economist, Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz at the World Bank conference in terms of: the 21st century the most important influences on human process, there are two things
急求一篇關于土木工程的英語論文,翻譯成中文3000字左右!!!
畢業(yè)設計論文施工組織設計文獻綜述 施工組織設計的作用是對擬建工程施工的全過程實行科學的管理的重要手段。通過施工組織設計的編制,可以全面考慮擬建工程的各種施工條件,揚長避短,擬定合理的施工方案,確定施工順序、施工方法、勞動組織和技術
要求如下:1.字數(shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字數(shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關于土木工程類的3.必須
一個總承包商承擔一個建筑整體的責任。從事分包的承建商則需承擔建造工程所需的各個工作。例如,管道承包商安裝水管,電業(yè)承辦商安裝電氣系統(tǒng),電梯則由電梯承包商安裝。他們與總承包商簽訂合同,費用由總承包商支付。 有時候,除了一個總承包
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設施,也指應用的材料設備和進行的勘測,設計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術。土木工程隨著人類社
我的 急求一篇關于土木工程的英語論文,翻譯成中文3000字左右!!! 100 我來答 1個回答 #話題# 勞動節(jié)純純『干貨』,等你看!開心辭典_ 2010-03-04 · TA獲得超過6003個贊 知道大有可為答主 回答量:1951 采納率:0%
我的 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,不少于3000個單詞 5 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上
急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,不少于3000個單詞
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設施,也指應用的材料設備和進行的勘測,設計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術。土木工程隨著人類
there is no such thing as a free supper of them). If you want to work, it should learn many things point construction, especially as the construction of organizational design, over budget, such as construct
有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 展開 我來答 2個回答 #熱議# 你發(fā)朋友圈會使用部分人可見功能嗎?夢色馨緣 2014-03-29 · TA獲
要求如下:1.字數(shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字數(shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關于土木工程類的3.必須
5. Consulting service quality due to the lack of unified management of organizations in the technical quality of sector work is usually routine in-house office, there is no technical management and quality management function
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da
誰能幫我找一篇關于土木工程的英語文獻啊,漢字翻譯不少于300字,謝謝啦
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程,它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設的對象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設施,也指應用的材料設備和進行的勘測,設計施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術。土木工程隨著人類社會的進步而發(fā)展,至
we first study the application of the protection pipe sliding method for the construction. This paper introduces the protection pipe outside sliding method installation "steel set of directly buried steam pipeline s
3.3.2 in the assembly process, the class and group leaders and assembly should carefully read the map and record important data, processes, and installation of pipelines to the scope, found problems in a
與成本控制,最重要的決議的質(zhì)量,在設備完成設計和規(guī)劃階段,而不是在施工期間。正是在這種初步階段,即組件配置、物料規(guī)范和功能性能決定。施工過程的質(zhì)量控制,由大量的確保符合原先的設計和規(guī)劃的決定。
Construction Safty:Safty in construction is the most important item in all construction items. it covers all the safty matters during the operation, including management, finance and logistic system et al.The gove
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da
我們比以往任何時候更多地依賴于團隊建設承包商和發(fā)明人誰設計和建造以及維護復雜的環(huán)境,環(huán)繞著我們的日常生活。一個民間的施工隊伍的工作/工程師以上僅僅是這些基礎設施建設方面。他們有很多活動,包括起草,決策,人機交互,通
求一篇施工方面文章及英文翻譯 謝
早期彈性波速的混凝土樁 恩斯特Niederleithinger * ,亞歷山大Taffe 聯(lián)邦材料研究與測試(巴姆) ,軍火市場四.4 ,菩提樹下大街Eichen 87 , 12205柏林,德國 摘要 低應變樁身完整性測試方法用于質(zhì)量控制的新樁以及長度和完
其例子包括結(jié)構的局部屈曲和整體不穩(wěn)定性;某此界面失效,隨后結(jié)構轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C構;疲勞破壞;引起結(jié)構幾何形狀顯著變化的彈性變形或塑性變形或徐變;結(jié)構對交變荷載、火災和爆炸的敏感性。 (2)使用極限狀態(tài),它對應著結(jié)構的使用功能和耐久性。器例
在工程項目開始之前,要做好建筑設計和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建筑建成后是什么樣子以及下一步應該做什么。在建筑設計中要特別重視房間的布局,其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個住宅建筑設計中,布局可考慮以下三個方面: “白
an optimization method for an optimal topology design of multistory steel frame bracing systems is presented.On a sensitivity analysis,
求土木工程框架結(jié)構方面的外文翻譯 原文譯文都要 謝謝了!!!!!
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da
2013-06-01 求一篇土木工程的外文文獻,要求帶中英文翻譯,外文文獻參考文獻 2010-06-12 求一篇土木工程英文文獻翻譯,畢業(yè)設計用的 23 2017-03-02 求一篇土木工程英文原版文獻+翻譯(英文15000字符以上,4更多類似問題 > 為你
建筑承包商雇用的勞動力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中從事技術活,如木工,管道工,工會成員和電工工會,小工則執(zhí)行了分配給他們的工作。在施工期間,一切工作都要驗收。因此,業(yè)主通過建筑師和監(jiān)理經(jīng)常進行督查??赡苁敲麨楣こ虇T,建筑
[1] Allen H G and Bulson P S.Background to Bucking London Mcraw-Hill(UK) 1980 [2] David. I. Keli Lan Yang Aihua. Project Management Strategy and Implementation. China Machine Press 2002 (The
土木工程外文文獻
恩,好的 吧,土木工程畢業(yè)論文參考文獻資料有一份.我只知道中文的,你可以看下(土木工程),OA期刊,可以免費下載文獻
童鞋你好! 這個估計需要自己搜索了! 網(wǎng)上基本很難找到免費給你服務的! 我在這里給你點搜索國際上常用的外文數(shù)據(jù)庫: ---------------------------------------------------------- ❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ❷Elsevier SDOL數(shù)據(jù)庫 IEEE/IEE(IEL) ❸EBSCOhost RSC英國皇家化學學會 ❹ACM美國計算機學會 ASCE美國土木工程師學會 ❺Springer電子期刊 WorldSciNet電子期刊全文庫 ❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary電子圖書 ❼ProQuest學位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫 ❽國道外文專題數(shù)據(jù)庫 CALIS西文期刊目次數(shù)據(jù)庫 ❾推薦使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 中文翻譯得自己做了,實在不成就***翻譯。 弄完之后,自己閱讀幾遍弄順了就成啦! 學校以及老師都不會看這個東西的! 外文翻譯不是論文的主要內(nèi)容! 所以,很容易過去的! 祝你好運!
自己去sciencedirect,springerlink等外文數(shù)據(jù)庫下載啊 或者到知網(wǎng),維普等中文數(shù)據(jù)庫下載 很多的,校園網(wǎng)內(nèi)免費獲取 校園網(wǎng)外可以利用goo***學術搜索,有部分能免費下載
Health care A new prescription for the poor 為貧窮者新開的處方 America is developing a two-tier health system, one for those with private insurance, the other for the less well-off 美國正在發(fā)展一個雙重的健康系統(tǒng),一重是為那些有個人保險的人群,而另一重則是為那些不那么富裕的人群 Oct 8th 2011 | NEW YORK | from the print edition “IT’S time for Dancing with the Stars!”, a woman announces enthusiastically. At this New York health centre, wedged between housing projects to the east and Chinatown to the west, “dancing with the stars” means dancing with a physical therapist. An old man stands up with a nurse and begins a determined samba. “是時候和明星一起跳舞了!”一位女士滿懷熱情地宣告。在這個坐落于房屋工程的西面,唐人街東面的紐約健康中心,“和明星起舞”的意思是和一位物理治療師跳舞。一位老者和一個護士站起來,開始跳事先確定好的桑巴舞。 Comprehensive Care Management (CCM), which runs this centre, tries to keep old people active. To do so, explains Joseph Healy, the chief operating officer, is in the company’s best interest. The government pays CCM a capped rate for the care of its members. If someone gets sick, his health costs rise and the company’s margin shrinks. Mr Healy argues that the system is the best way to provide good care at a low cost. Increasingly others seem to agree. 經(jīng)營這個中心的綜合護理管理部門(CCM)努力保持老人們的活力。約瑟夫-海莉,首席運營官解釋說,這樣做符合公司 的最佳利益。政府給這個部門一個封頂?shù)慕蛸N來讓他們照顧這些人。如果有人生病了,他的健康成本就會上升,公司的利潤就會萎縮。海莉先生確定說這個系統(tǒng)能夠 在一個低成本上提供最佳的護理。其他人也逐漸同意這個觀點。 Medicaid, America’s health programme for the poor, is in the process of being transformed. Over the next three years, New York will move its entire Medicaid population into “managed care”, paying companies a set rate to tend to the poor, rather than paying a fee for each service. New York is not alone. States from California to Mississippi are expanding managed care. It is the culmination of a steady shift in the way most poor Americans receive their health-care treatment. 公共醫(yī)療補助,即美國的窮人健康計劃,正在被改造的過程中。在接下來的 三年內(nèi),紐約將把整個接受窮人健康計劃的人群納入“管理關懷”之中,付給公司們一個事先定好的費用來照顧那些窮人,而不是按照項目來付費。紐約不是唯一這 樣做的州。加州,密西西比州正在拓展管理關懷計劃。這代表一種正在進行中的穩(wěn)步轉(zhuǎn)變,即大部分貧窮美國人接受健康關懷方式的轉(zhuǎn)變。 Medicaid is America’s sin*** biggest health programme. This year roughly one in five Americans will be covered by Medicaid for a month or more. It gobbles more federal and local money than any state programme, other than education. Costs will rise even more when Barack Obama’s health-care reform expands the programme by easing eligibility rules in 2014. Congress’s “supercommittee” is already considering cuts. However, there are more immediate pressures behind the present drive for change. 公 共醫(yī)療補助是美國最大的單一健康計劃。今年,五個美國人中的一個就會被納入該計劃一個月或更長時間。除了教育之外,它比其他任何州的財政計劃耗去更多聯(lián)邦 和地方的經(jīng)費。當2014年奧巴馬的健康保險改革放寬適用人群而使整個計劃更加龐大的時候,成本將會進一步上升。眾議院的“超級委員會”已經(jīng)在考慮削減經(jīng) 費。然而,選擇這種變化,將會有更多即刻的壓力存在。 Enrolment in Medicaid jumped during the downturn, from 42.7m in December 2007 to 50.3m in June 2010. Mr Obama’s stimulus bill helped to pay for some of this, but that money has dried up. Faced with gaping deficits, some desperate governors slashed payments to hospitals and doctors, or refused to pay for trips to the dentist or oculist. But much the most important result has been structural: the expansion of managed care. 公共醫(yī)療補助計劃的參與人數(shù)在經(jīng)濟滑坡期間從2007年 12月的 4270萬人跳到了2010年6月的5030萬人。奧巴馬先生的經(jīng)濟刺激經(jīng)費能夠幫助付掉其中的一部分,但是錢已經(jīng)被用光。面對資金短缺,一些絕望的州長 砍掉了給醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生的補助,或是拒絕支付牙醫(yī)和眼科醫(yī)生的旅行費用。但是,更多地,最重要的結(jié)果是結(jié)構上的:管理關懷的拓展。 States have dabbled in managed care for decades. The trend accelerated in the 1990s, with the share of Medicaid patients under this form of care reaching 72% by 2009. Now, however, there is a strong push for the remainder. States that did not have managed care, such as Louisiana, are introducing it. Other states are extending it to people previously deemed off limits: California and New York, for example, are moving the elderly and disabled into that system of care. Texas is targeting more than 400,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the Rio Grande Valley. Local politicians had resisted the move, nervous that care might deteriorate. But the yawning deficit meant that they were overruled. 各個州涉足管理關懷已經(jīng)有幾 十年的歷史了。這個趨勢在90年代得到**發(fā)展,在2009年前使用這種護理方式的公共醫(yī)療補助病人占到了72%。現(xiàn)在,對于剩下的人,這也是很強的推動 力。像路易斯安那州這樣沒有管理關懷的州正在引進管理關懷。其他州也把這個拓展到原先被認為不適用的人群:舉例說像加州和紐約州,正在把老人和殘障人士納 入這個系統(tǒng)中,德州的目標是在格蘭德河谷超過400000公共醫(yī)療補助收益人群。地方政治家反對這個舉動,他們擔心這個護理系統(tǒng)將會變質(zhì)。但是巨大的赤字 意味著他們的觀點注定要被批駁。 The result is a country with two distinct tiers of health care. Most Americans with private insurance are still horrified by thoughts of health-management organisations and prefer to pay fees for each medical service. For the poor, managed care is becoming the norm. 結(jié)果就是一個國家有兩套截然不同的健康保險系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)有個人保險的美國人仍舊害怕那些健康管理組織的想法而寧愿為單獨的醫(yī)療服務付費。對于窮人來說,管理關懷已經(jīng)成為一種常規(guī)。 Advocates of managed care have high expectations. First, they hope that it will make costs more predictable. Second, they believe that the change will improve patients’ health. In managed care, a patient has a network of doctors and specialists. If the programme works properly, doctors can monitor all aspects of care, in contrast to the fragmented fee-for-service system. The contracts that states have with firms can set standards for quality. Texas, for instance, will cut 5% from a company’s payment if it does not meet what is required. 管理關懷的鼓吹者有著很高的 期待。首先,他們希望這能讓成本變得可以預測,其次,他們相信,這個改變可以改善病人的健康。在管理關懷中,一個病人有一個由醫(yī)生和專家組成的網(wǎng)絡。如果 這個計劃運行良好,醫(yī)生可以監(jiān)測關懷的各個方面,相對于分離的的按服務付錢的系統(tǒng)來說。州政府和公司的合同可以為質(zhì)量定下標準。德州,舉例說,將會在付款 中扣除5%如果公司沒有達到要求的標準。 The next step is to integrate care for those eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, the federal programme for the old. These “duals” account for almost 40% of Medicaid’s costs and just 15% of its population. “If managed care can really deliver better care than fee-for-service”, says Diane Rowland, chair of the commission that advises Congress on Medicaid, “this is the population that could prove it.” 下一步是整合那些同時符合公共醫(yī)療補助和長者醫(yī)療補助計劃(聯(lián)邦老人醫(yī)療補助)的人群。這些“雙符合”人群占據(jù)了將近40%的公共醫(yī)療補 助成本和僅僅15%的人口數(shù)量?!叭绻芾黻P懷能真正比按項目付費帶來更好的服務”,戴安-羅蘭德,委員會(指導國會在公共醫(yī)療補助政策上進行決策)主任 說:“這是一群能證明管理關懷可行的人。” But some, such as Norma Vescovo, are sceptical. As the head of the non-profit Independent Living Centre of Southern California (ILCSC), Ms Vescovo serves Medicaid patients with severe health problems. Over the years she has often sued California on policies that she thinks will hurt her vulnerable clients. On October 3rd her case moved to the Supreme Court. 但是一些人,例如像諾瑪-凡斯科夫就對此表示懷疑。作為非盈利的南加州獨立生活中心主任,凡斯科夫女士服務于那些有嚴重健康問題的接受公共醫(yī)療補助的病人。在這些年間,她經(jīng)??馗婕又菡谝恍┱呱蠒λ囊恍┐嗳醯目蛻簟T?0月3日,她的案子被移到了上訴法院。 The outcome of Douglas v Independent Living Centre will have profound implications for the future of Medicaid. Ms Vescovo’s suit concerns cuts to hospitals and doctors. But the case will also guide the course of managed care. If ILCSC and its co-plaintiffs win, private groups will continue to be able to challenge states on policies they think violate federal Medicaid law. Ms Vescovo, who argues that California’s payment cuts would eviscerate her clients’ access to services, worries that under managed care the disabled might not be able to see the specialists they need. 道格拉斯 v 獨立生活中心的結(jié)果將會對公共醫(yī)療補助有深遠的意義。凡斯科夫女士的訴訟影響到醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生的津貼削減。但是這個案子將會引領管理關懷的進程。如果中心和其 他原告勝訴,私人團體將會繼續(xù)在那些他們認為違反聯(lián)邦法律的政策上挑戰(zhàn)州政府。凡斯科夫女士認為說加州的支付削減計劃會讓她的客戶失去得到服務的機會,她 還擔心,在管理關懷之下,那些殘障人士可能不能見到那些他們需要的專家。 The question is how to supervise the experiments with managed care that are being carried out in various states. To date, Medicaid beneficiaries have been able to challenge the states in court. However, if the Supreme Court rules against ILCSC, that avenue will be closed. The Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) technically can intervene if states do not provide proper access to care. In reality, CMS has few tools to do so. 問 題是怎么監(jiān)管在不同州試運行的管理關懷。到目前為止,公共醫(yī)療補助受益者已經(jīng)能夠在法庭中挑戰(zhàn)政府。然而,如果上訴法庭結(jié)果不利于中心,那么這條路將會被 關閉。如果州政府沒有提供合適的關懷的話,公共醫(yī)療補助和長者醫(yī)療關懷中心理論上是能對此進行干涉,但事實上,他們沒有太多辦法。 “I’m a big fan of managed care”, says Sara Rosenbaum, a professor at George Washington University, “but this transformation may happen with almost no federal oversight.” Medicaid beneficiaries are vulnerable, in worse health than Americans as a whole. Companies may strug*** to cut costs and provide good care as well. If states do not draft their contracts properly, or fail to be vigilant in monitoring patients’ health, their experiment in managed care could be a disaster. On the other hand, if states are careful they could provide an answer to the question that has vexed America for years: how to provide good, cheap health care. “我是 管理關懷的擁護者”,薩拉-羅森博姆,一位喬治華盛頓大學教授說,“但是這種轉(zhuǎn)變可能在沒有聯(lián)邦監(jiān)管的情況下發(fā)生?!惫册t(yī)療補助的受益者和你脆弱,健康 程度整體上比一般美國人要差。公司可能在削減成本的同時掙扎著同樣提供良好的服務。如果州政府們不好好起草他們的合同,或沒有警覺地監(jiān)控病人的健康的話, 他們在管理關懷上的實驗可能會是一場災難。另一方面,如果州政府們認真的話,他們能為那個困擾美國人多年的問題提供答案,即怎么提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的便宜的健康關 懷。
Electric Power Systems 電力系統(tǒng) The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 現(xiàn)代社會的電力供應依賴于更多地比以往任何時候。 It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它無法想象的世界應該是什么,如果電力供應中斷了世界各地。 Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 電力系統(tǒng)(或電力能源系統(tǒng)),提供電力到現(xiàn)代社會,已成為不可缺少的組成部分產(chǎn)業(yè)界的。 The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一個完整的電力系統(tǒng)(包括發(fā)電機,電纜,熔斷器,計量,并加載)的托馬斯愛迪生所建-站紐約市珍珠街的歷史始于1882年9月運作。 This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 這是一個半徑直流系統(tǒng)組成的一個蒸汽發(fā)動機驅(qū)動的直流發(fā)電機面積約1.5公里至59供電范圍內(nèi)的客戶。負載,其中包括完全的白熾燈,為V提供110通過地下電纜系統(tǒng)。 Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. 在一個類似的系統(tǒng)在大多數(shù)大城市在世界各地運行數(shù)年。隨著馬達的弗蘭克斯普拉格發(fā)展在1884年,電機負載被添加到這些系統(tǒng)。這是什么開始發(fā)展成為世界上最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。在最初的直流系統(tǒng)廣泛使用盡管如此,他們幾乎完全被空調(diào)系統(tǒng)所取代。到1886年,直流系統(tǒng)的局限性也日益明顯。他們可以提供功率只有很短的距離從發(fā)電機。 To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 為了保持發(fā)射功率損失(我2 R)和電壓下降到可接受的水平,電壓等級,必須長途輸電高。如此高的電壓不發(fā)電和電力消耗可以接受的,因此,電壓轉(zhuǎn)換成為一個方便的手段的必要性。 The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 在發(fā)展的變壓器,法國和交流輸電由L.巴黎戈拉爾和JD吉布斯導致交流電力系統(tǒng)。 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年,第一次在北美交流傳輸線將在俄勒岡州波特蘭之間威拉梅特大瀑布和實施。 It was a sin***-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.這是一個單相線路傳輸功率為4,000公里,超過21 V系統(tǒng)的距離。隨著交流的發(fā)展多相系統(tǒng)由尼古拉特斯拉,成為更具吸引力的。通過1888年,特斯拉舉行交流多項專利電動機,發(fā)電機,變壓器和輸電系統(tǒng)。西屋公司購買了這些早期的發(fā)明專利,并形成了系統(tǒng)的基礎,現(xiàn)在的交流。 In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世紀90年代,有很大的爭議或交流電力行業(yè)是否應該統(tǒng)一于直流。到了世紀之交的,在交流系統(tǒng)贏得了原因出在下面的直流系統(tǒng)為: (1)Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. (1)電壓水平可以很容易地改變了空調(diào)系統(tǒng),從而提供了傳輸?shù)撵`活性,發(fā)電用不同的電壓和消費。 (2)AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. (2)交流發(fā)電機簡單得多比直流發(fā)電機。 (3)AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. (三)交流電機和電機便宜簡單得多,比直流。 The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. 前三個階段的美國北線投產(chǎn)于1893年- 1 2300五,南加州12公里路線研究。 In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在電力傳輸初期交流,頻率不規(guī)范。 Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有許多不同頻率的使用:25,50,60,125,和133赫茲。 This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. 這對互連的問題。最后60赫茲標準獲得通過,成為美國在北美,雖然是50赫茲在許多其他國家使用。 The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 較長的距離越來越需要大量的電力傳輸多激勵他們逐步使用高壓的水平。為了避免電壓增殖數(shù)量無限,業(yè)界標準電壓水平。在美國,標準是115,138, 161,和230千伏的高電壓(高壓)類,345,500和765千伏級的特高電壓(超高壓)。在中國,各級使用電壓為10,35,110級高壓, 220,中國330(僅在西北)和500千伏超高壓類。 The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一個750 kVtransmission線將建在不久的將來在中國西北地區(qū)。 With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 隨著交流的發(fā)展/直流轉(zhuǎn)換設備,高壓直流高壓直流(HVDC)傳輸系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為更具吸引力的經(jīng)濟和情況特殊。 The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. 在高壓直流輸電可用于輸電塊以上的大長途電話,并提供不同系統(tǒng)間的異步連接在AC聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)將是不切實際的,因為穩(wěn)定考慮,或因標稱頻率的系統(tǒng)。 The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 基本要求到電源系統(tǒng)是提供一個不間斷的能源供應,以客戶可接受的電壓和頻率。 Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于電力無法大量儲存在一個簡單的方法和經(jīng)濟,電力的生產(chǎn)和消費必須同時進行。系統(tǒng)的故障或誤操作的權力在任何階段可能導致電力供應中斷給客戶。 Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此,一個正常的電力系統(tǒng)連續(xù)運行的,提供可靠的電力供應給客戶的重要性是至關重要的。 Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定,可廣泛定義為干擾財產(chǎn)的權力系統(tǒng),可繼續(xù)經(jīng)營的狀態(tài)下正常運行的平衡條件和后向遭受恢復一個可以接受的平衡狀態(tài)。 Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode. 在電力系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定可能會表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營方式和多種不同的方式取決于系統(tǒng)配置。 Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially "in step". This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor an***s and power-an*** relationships, and then referred to " rotor an*** stability ". 傳統(tǒng)上,穩(wěn)定性問題一直是一個保持同步運行。由于電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電電力,一個令人滿意的系統(tǒng)運行的必要條件是,依靠同步電機同步電機都留在同步或通俗的“步驟”。這一方面是受穩(wěn)定的發(fā)電機轉(zhuǎn)子的動態(tài)角度和功角的關系,然后提到“轉(zhuǎn)子角穩(wěn)定”。
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Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers (Handbook) by Jonathan Ricketts, M. Loftin and Frederick Merritt Civil Engineering Handbook,by W.F.Chen The Architect's Portable Handbook, by PAT GUTHRIE,McGraw-Hill Company. 這些都是PEC土木工程英語證書考試的輔導用書。應該是最好的了。內(nèi)容覆蓋:鋼結(jié)構、混凝土結(jié)構、砌體結(jié)構、地基與基礎、建筑材料與施工技術。主要考察土木工程類專業(yè)術語的閱讀與理解。
一般要有這樣幾部分組成:提出問題,闡明基本概念和基本觀念;分析問題,說明為什么要堅持你的觀點;解決問題,拿出解決問題方案,至于順序,你可根據(jù)你的文章去定。也就是說論文由論點、論據(jù)、引證、論證、結(jié)論等幾個部分構成。 1、題目 題目應恰當、準確地反映本課題的研究內(nèi)容。畢業(yè)設計(論文)的中文題目應不超過25字,并不設副標題。 2、 摘要與關鍵詞 摘要:摘要是畢業(yè)設計(論文)內(nèi)容的簡要陳述,是一篇具有獨立性和完整性的短文。摘要應包括本設計(論文)的創(chuàng)造性成果及其理論與實際意義。摘要中不宜使用公式、圖表,不標注引用文獻編號。避免將摘要寫成目錄式的內(nèi)容介紹。 關鍵詞:關鍵詞是供檢索用的主題詞條,應采用能覆蓋畢業(yè)設計(論文)主要內(nèi)容的通用技術詞條(參照相應的技術術語標準)。關鍵詞一般列3~5個,按詞條的外延層次排列(外延大的排在前面)。 3、畢業(yè)設計(論文)正文 畢業(yè)設計(論文)正文包括緒論、論文主體及結(jié)論等部分。 (一)選題畢業(yè)論文(設計)題目應符合本專業(yè)的培養(yǎng)目標和教學要求,具有綜合性和創(chuàng)新性。本科生要根據(jù)自己的實際情況和專業(yè)特長,選擇適當?shù)恼撐念}目,但所寫論文要與本專業(yè)所學課程有關。 (二)查閱資料、列出論文提綱 題目選定后,要在指導教師指導下開展調(diào)研和進行實驗,搜集、查閱有關資料,進行加工、提煉,然后列出詳細的寫作提綱。 (三)完成初稿 根據(jù)所列提綱,按指導教師的意見認真完成初稿。 (四)定稿 初稿須經(jīng)指導教師審閱,并按其意見和要求進行修改,然后定稿。 首先建議你先列一個提綱,明確自己的目標,到底方向在哪里,想寫什么,其實這是很重要的,即使你覺得你很難寫出一整篇論文,都必須要先明確你的論文想說什么。論文的內(nèi)容都不清楚,又如何去找資料呢? 論文寫作,先不說內(nèi)容,首先格式要正確,一篇完整的畢業(yè)論文,題目,摘要(中英文),目錄,正文(引言,正文,結(jié)語),致謝,參考文獻。學校規(guī)定的格式,字體,段落,頁眉頁腳,開始寫之前,都得清楚的,你的論文算是寫好了五分之一。然后,選題,你的題目時間寬裕,那就好好考慮,選一個你思考最成熟的,可以比較多的閱讀相關的參考文獻,從里面獲得思路,確定一個模板性質(zhì)的東西,照著來,寫出自己的東西。正文,語言必須是學術的語言。一定先列好提綱,這就是框定每一部分些什么,保證內(nèi)容不亂,將內(nèi)容放進去,寫好了就。
橋梁式集裝箱起重機設計113 1.前言………………………………………………………………………3 2.主要設計內(nèi)容及參數(shù)……………………………………4 3.主梁結(jié)構設計……………………………………………………5 4.小車機構設計……………………………………………………7 7.起吊機構設計…………………………………………………11 6.支架設計……………………………………………………………14 8.設計小結(jié)……………………………………………………………15 9.主要參考文獻…………………………………………………16 10.圖紙文件設計前言 起重機被喻為“巨人之臂”,是廣泛用于國民經(jīng)濟各部門進行物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)和裝卸搬運的重要設備。起重機的設計制造,從一個側(cè)面反映了國家的工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化水平。我國起重機制造業(yè)奠基于20世紀50年代。70年代以來,起重機的類型、規(guī)格、性能和技術水平獲得很大的發(fā)展。近年來在物流和工業(yè)企業(yè)發(fā)展的帶動下,起重機行業(yè)進入飛速發(fā)展時期。 起重機主要分為橋梁式、懸臂式、塔式、龍門式、拉索式、液壓伸縮臂式等形式。本設計以橋式雙梁單小車集裝箱起重機為例,介紹起重機的設計思路、設計內(nèi)容以及設計方法。 起重機設計主要根據(jù)客戶要求,在符合國家標準及機械工業(yè)標準中對起重機的要求下進行設計。設計方案的選擇主要通過與客戶溝通取得一致意見后確定,設計內(nèi)容主要包括在起重機的實際工作環(huán)境下確定起重機的最大額定載荷、非正常載荷(如沖擊載荷,風力載荷、震動載荷等)、操縱形式、使用壽命、檢修方式以及安全等級等;確定起重機主要零部件的選材以及機加工和材料處理的方法;確定起重機的工作級別;確定其主要受力梁的截面形式、截面大小以及梁的材料選擇和加工方法。由于橋梁式起重機體積和質(zhì)量都比較大,所以在設計過程中還應考慮起重機的運輸方案和安裝方法。一 主要設計內(nèi)容及參數(shù)1、起重機首先要確定的是工作級別本設計的起重機用于集裝箱生產(chǎn)制造或物流行業(yè)。 起吊件為生產(chǎn)下線的集裝箱,或物流行業(yè)待裝貨的集裝箱,所以都是空箱。起吊重量為5T 根據(jù)起重機行業(yè)標準,不管是集裝箱生產(chǎn)行業(yè)還是物流行業(yè)都是生產(chǎn)節(jié)奏比較快的,因此該起重機的工作級別定為A5級,起吊機構工作級別為M5。2、根據(jù)以上所規(guī)定級別設置設計內(nèi)容及參數(shù)a.主梁結(jié)構 主梁涉及到的主要設計內(nèi)容或參數(shù)主要有:主梁的截面形式、截面大小、所用材料、制作方法、主梁上平面的平面度、側(cè)面的平面度和垂直度、主梁應該具有的上拱度,還有主梁上的軌道安裝等等。b.支架結(jié)構 支架需要設計的主要內(nèi)容和參數(shù)包括:截面形式、截面大小、使用材料、制作方法、支腿的垂直度誤差、支腿與地面的連接方式等等。c.小車機構 小車機構要設計的主要內(nèi)容和參數(shù)包括:小車架設計;起吊機構設計;小車行走機構設計。根據(jù)起吊重量設計小車架截面;根據(jù)所需要元件的安裝位置設計小車架的結(jié)構;根據(jù)工作級別設計行走機構中電機的功率和類型;根據(jù)起吊高度確定卷筒的直徑和長度;根據(jù)工作級別確定主電機的功率以及減速機的型號。確定其他一些元件的型號。應符合起重機行業(yè)標準中的相關內(nèi)容;控制電路屬于電氣范疇在此不予討論。 本文來自: 一流設計吧( 16sheji8 ) 詳細出處參考: http:// 16sheji8 /onews.asp?id=1220
你好,已經(jīng)給你發(fā)送過去兩篇英文文獻,是上圖書館資源數(shù)據(jù)庫搜索的。不過沒有翻譯,這個真的很難的。 2篇文章題名為: 《Automated output-only dynamic identification of civil engineering structures》 《Advances in Structural Control in Civil Engineering in China》 希望對你有幫助~ 知道 舉手之勞團隊 隊長:曉斌
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