我的 求兩篇土木工程的外文文獻,最好關(guān)于施工組織設(shè)計或管理的,每篇翻譯成中文2000字左右。 最好帶上中文翻譯的,有的請發(fā)郵箱saizth7788@163 ,在線急等。 最好帶上中文翻譯的,有的請發(fā)郵箱saizth7788@163 ,在線急等。

翻譯:建筑類型和設(shè)計建筑物與人們有著緊密的聯(lián)系,他為人們提供必要的空間,用以工作和生活。根據(jù)適用類型不同,建筑物可以分為兩類:工業(yè)建筑和民用建筑。工業(yè)建筑包括各個工廠或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)所使用建筑,民用建筑是指那些人們用以居住,就業(yè),教育

我的 5000字關(guān)于土木工程類的英語論文,并帶中文翻譯 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激

Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance F.M. Scherer affiliation not provided to SSRN David Ross Robinson & Cole, LLP Abstract:Provides a systematic presentation of the economic field of industrial organ

業(yè)主的代表,會給建設(shè)工程作最后檢查。如果他們滿意并認(rèn)為符合合同文件,那么業(yè)主接受該項目,并交給總承包商的一個占用證書,這表明,總承包商已完成建設(shè),建設(shè)部門再根據(jù)建筑規(guī)范的要求發(fā)放最后付款。請采納。 已贊過 已踩過< 你對這個回

Engineersconsider many factors when developing a new product. For example, in developing an industrial robot, engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the robot抯 components; integrate

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

誰能給我給我兩篇土木工程英語文獻要有翻譯的!要求1000字

對科學(xué)方法的物理和數(shù)學(xué)問題適用于土木工程最早的例子之一是阿基米德在公元前3世紀(jì)，包括阿基米德的原則，鞏固我們的浮力的認(rèn)識，如阿基米德螺旋切實可行的解決辦法的工作。婆羅門，印度數(shù)學(xué)家，用在公元7世紀(jì)算法的基礎(chǔ)上，印度教

Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between perceived social needs and commercial applications.Engineersconsider many fa

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進行的勘測，設(shè)計施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

我急需一篇關(guān)于土木工程的中英文翻譯論文 5000字 畢業(yè)用的

翻譯:建筑類型和設(shè)計建筑物與人們有著緊密的聯(lián)系,他為人們提供必要的空間,用以工作和生活。根據(jù)適用類型不同,建筑物可以分為兩類:工業(yè)建筑和民用建筑。工業(yè)建筑包括各個工廠或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)所使用建筑,民用建筑是指那些人們用以居住,就業(yè),教育

Do not know you are now sub-professional or not, there is no favorite direction? But what direction is not very important, the key is to watch your hobbies and interests. If you want to engage in design

急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 展開  我來答 2個回答 #熱議# 你發(fā)朋友圈

Do not know you are now sub-professional or not, there is no favorite direction? But what direction is not very important, the key is to watch your hobbies and interests. If you want to engage in design

To promote urbanization. Well-known American economist, Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz at the World Bank conference in terms of: the 21st century the most important influences on human process, there are two things

求一篇3000字左右的土木工程專業(yè)英語翻譯

對科學(xué)方法的物理和數(shù)學(xué)問題適用于土木工程最早的例子之一是阿基米德在公元前3世紀(jì)，包括阿基米德的原則，鞏固我們的浮力的認(rèn)識，如阿基米德螺旋切實可行的解決辦法的工作。婆羅門，印度數(shù)學(xué)家，用在公元7世紀(jì)算法的基礎(chǔ)上，印度教

Industrial Revolution. At the turn of the century, steel bridges were riveted together, not bolted; concrete bridges were cast in place, not precast; and large bridge members were built from lacing bars and

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 展開  我來答 2個回答 #熱議# 你發(fā)朋友圈

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進行的勘測，設(shè)計施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

To promote urbanization. Well-known American economist, Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz at the World Bank conference in terms of: the 21st century the most important influences on human process, there are two things

急求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的英語論文,翻譯成中文3000字左右!!!

一個總承包商承擔(dān)一個建筑整體的責(zé)任。從事分包的承建商則需承擔(dān)建造工程所需的各個工作。例如,管道承包商安裝水管,電業(yè)承辦商安裝電氣系統(tǒng),電梯則由電梯承包商安裝。他們與總承包商簽訂合同,費用由總承包商支付。 有時候,除了一個總承包

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進行的勘測，設(shè)計施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

我的 急求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的英語論文,翻譯成中文3000字左右!!! 100  我來答 1個回答 #話題# 勞動節(jié)純純『干貨』,等你看!開心辭典_ 2010-03-04 · TA獲得超過6003個贊 知道大有可為答主 回答量:1951 采納率:0%

我的 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,不少于3000個單詞 5 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上傳,萬分感謝!!! 急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計需要用。有的朋友麻煩上

急求一篇土木工程畢業(yè)論文英文文獻及翻譯,不少于3000個單詞

摘要：為了研究連續(xù)型拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化理論在實際工程中的應(yīng)用，該文給出了一種多層鋼框架支撐體系連續(xù)型拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化設(shè)計方法。基于靈敏度分析，探討了連續(xù)體結(jié)構(gòu)在多工況荷載作用下、同時受應(yīng)力和多位移約束的拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化刪除準(zhǔn)則。為保證拓?fù)?/p>

這些都是PEC土木工程英語證書考試的輔導(dǎo)用書。應(yīng)該是最好的了。內(nèi)容覆蓋:鋼結(jié)構(gòu)、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)、砌體結(jié)構(gòu)、地基與基礎(chǔ)、建筑材料與施工技術(shù)。主要考察土木工程類專業(yè)術(shù)語的閱讀與理解。 本科畢業(yè)生土木工程專業(yè)參考文獻怎么寫 參考文獻就是你所

土木工程施工是土木工程專業(yè)的一門主干課。其主要任務(wù)是研究土木工程施工技術(shù)和施工組織的一般規(guī)律;土木工程中主要工種工程施工方法和工藝原理;施工項目科學(xué)的組織原理以及土木工程施工中的新技術(shù)、新材料、新工藝的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。新的《土木工

2014-08-06 土木工程外文文獻 21 2015-05-18 求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的外文翻譯或者文獻。 2015-05-04 求土木工程畢業(yè)論文外文參考文獻 2013-05-06 求一篇關(guān)于土木工程的外國文獻(5000)帶翻譯的。最好是pd 2012-06-13 土木工程

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

建筑承包商雇用的勞動力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中從事技術(shù)活,如木工,管道工,工會成員和電工工會,小工則執(zhí)行了分配給他們的工作。在施工期間,一切工作都要驗收。因此,業(yè)主通過建筑師和監(jiān)理經(jīng)常進行督查?？赡苁敲麨楣こ虇T,建筑

[1] Allen H G and Bulson P S.Background to Bucking London Mcraw-Hill(UK) 1980 [2] David. I. Keli Lan Yang Aihua. Project Management Strategy and Implementation. China Machine Press 2002 (The

土木工程外文文獻

恩，好的 吧，土木工程畢業(yè)論文參考文獻資料有一份.
我只知道中文的，你可以看下（土木工程），OA期刊，可以免費下載文獻
一般要有這樣幾部分組成：提出問題，闡明基本概念和基本觀念；分析問題，說明為什么要堅持你的觀點；解決問題，拿出解決問題方案，至于順序，你可根據(jù)你的文章去定。也就是說論文由論點、論據(jù)、引證、論證、結(jié)論等幾個部分構(gòu)成。 1、題目 題目應(yīng)恰當(dāng)、準(zhǔn)確地反映本課題的研究內(nèi)容。畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的中文題目應(yīng)不超過25字，并不設(shè)副標(biāo)題。 2、 摘要與關(guān)鍵詞 摘要：摘要是畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）內(nèi)容的簡要陳述，是一篇具有獨立性和完整性的短文。摘要應(yīng)包括本設(shè)計（論文）的創(chuàng)造性成果及其理論與實際意義。摘要中不宜使用公式、圖表，不標(biāo)注引用文獻編號。避免將摘要寫成目錄式的內(nèi)容介紹。 關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)鍵詞是供檢索用的主題詞條，應(yīng)采用能覆蓋畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）主要內(nèi)容的通用技術(shù)詞條（參照相應(yīng)的技術(shù)術(shù)語標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）。關(guān)鍵詞一般列3～5個，按詞條的外延層次排列（外延大的排在前面）。 3、畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）正文 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）正文包括緒論、論文主體及結(jié)論等部分。 （一）選題畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）題目應(yīng)符合本專業(yè)的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和教學(xué)要求，具有綜合性和創(chuàng)新性。本科生要根據(jù)自己的實際情況和專業(yè)特長，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)恼撐念}目，但所寫論文要與本專業(yè)所學(xué)課程有關(guān)。 （二）查閱資料、列出論文提綱 題目選定后，要在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下開展調(diào)研和進行實驗，搜集、查閱有關(guān)資料，進行加工、提煉，然后列出詳細的寫作提綱。 （三）完成初稿 根據(jù)所列提綱，按指導(dǎo)教師的意見認(rèn)真完成初稿。 （四）定稿 初稿須經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師審閱，并按其意見和要求進行修改，然后定稿。 首先建議你先列一個提綱，明確自己的目標(biāo)，到底方向在哪里，想寫什么，其實這是很重要的，即使你覺得你很難寫出一整篇論文，都必須要先明確你的論文想說什么。論文的內(nèi)容都不清楚，又如何去找資料呢？ 論文寫作，先不說內(nèi)容，首先格式要正確，一篇完整的畢業(yè)論文，題目，摘要（中英文），目錄，正文（引言，正文，結(jié)語），致謝，參考文獻。學(xué)校規(guī)定的格式，字體，段落，頁眉頁腳，開始寫之前，都得清楚的，你的論文算是寫好了五分之一。然后，選題，你的題目時間寬裕，那就好好考慮，選一個你思考最成熟的，可以比較多的閱讀相關(guān)的參考文獻，從里面獲得思路，確定一個模板性質(zhì)的東西，照著來，寫出自己的東西。正文，語言必須是學(xué)術(shù)的語言。一定先列好提綱，這就是框定每一部分些什么，保證內(nèi)容不亂，將內(nèi)容放進去，寫好了就。
橋梁式集裝箱起重機設(shè)計113 1．前言………………………………………………………………………3 2．主要設(shè)計內(nèi)容及參數(shù)……………………………………4 3．主梁結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計……………………………………………………5 4．小車機構(gòu)設(shè)計……………………………………………………7 7．起吊機構(gòu)設(shè)計…………………………………………………11 6．支架設(shè)計……………………………………………………………14 8．設(shè)計小結(jié)……………………………………………………………15 9．主要參考文獻…………………………………………………16 10.圖紙文件設(shè)計前言 起重機被喻為“巨人之臂”，是廣泛用于國民經(jīng)濟各部門進行物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)和裝卸搬運的重要設(shè)備。起重機的設(shè)計制造，從一個側(cè)面反映了國家的工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化水平。我國起重機制造業(yè)奠基于20世紀(jì)50年代。70年代以來，起重機的類型、規(guī)格、性能和技術(shù)水平獲得很大的發(fā)展。近年來在物流和工業(yè)企業(yè)發(fā)展的帶動下，起重機行業(yè)進入飛速發(fā)展時期。 起重機主要分為橋梁式、懸臂式、塔式、龍門式、拉索式、液壓伸縮臂式等形式。本設(shè)計以橋式雙梁單小車集裝箱起重機為例，介紹起重機的設(shè)計思路、設(shè)計內(nèi)容以及設(shè)計方法。 起重機設(shè)計主要根據(jù)客戶要求，在符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及機械工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對起重機的要求下進行設(shè)計。設(shè)計方案的選擇主要通過與客戶溝通取得一致意見后確定，設(shè)計內(nèi)容主要包括在起重機的實際工作環(huán)境下確定起重機的最大額定載荷、非正常載荷（如沖擊載荷，風(fēng)力載荷、震動載荷等）、操縱形式、使用壽命、檢修方式以及安全等級等；確定起重機主要零部件的選材以及機加工和材料處理的方法；確定起重機的工作級別；確定其主要受力梁的截面形式、截面大小以及梁的材料選擇和加工方法。由于橋梁式起重機體積和質(zhì)量都比較大，所以在設(shè)計過程中還應(yīng)考慮起重機的運輸方案和安裝方法。一 主要設(shè)計內(nèi)容及參數(shù)1、起重機首先要確定的是工作級別本設(shè)計的起重機用于集裝箱生產(chǎn)制造或物流行業(yè)。 起吊件為生產(chǎn)下線的集裝箱，或物流行業(yè)待裝貨的集裝箱，所以都是空箱。起吊重量為5T 根據(jù)起重機行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不管是集裝箱生產(chǎn)行業(yè)還是物流行業(yè)都是生產(chǎn)節(jié)奏比較快的，因此該起重機的工作級別定為A5級，起吊機構(gòu)工作級別為M5。2、根據(jù)以上所規(guī)定級別設(shè)置設(shè)計內(nèi)容及參數(shù)a.主梁結(jié)構(gòu) 主梁涉及到的主要設(shè)計內(nèi)容或參數(shù)主要有：主梁的截面形式、截面大小、所用材料、制作方法、主梁上平面的平面度、側(cè)面的平面度和垂直度、主梁應(yīng)該具有的上拱度，還有主梁上的軌道安裝等等。b.支架結(jié)構(gòu) 支架需要設(shè)計的主要內(nèi)容和參數(shù)包括：截面形式、截面大小、使用材料、制作方法、支腿的垂直度誤差、支腿與地面的連接方式等等。c.小車機構(gòu) 小車機構(gòu)要設(shè)計的主要內(nèi)容和參數(shù)包括：小車架設(shè)計；起吊機構(gòu)設(shè)計；小車行走機構(gòu)設(shè)計。根據(jù)起吊重量設(shè)計小車架截面；根據(jù)所需要元件的安裝位置設(shè)計小車架的結(jié)構(gòu)；根據(jù)工作級別設(shè)計行走機構(gòu)中電機的功率和類型；根據(jù)起吊高度確定卷筒的直徑和長度；根據(jù)工作級別確定主電機的功率以及減速機的型號。確定其他一些元件的型號。應(yīng)符合起重機行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容；控制電路屬于電氣范疇在此不予討論。 本文來自: 一流設(shè)計吧( 16sheji8 ) 詳細出處參考： http:// 16sheji8 /onews.asp?id=1220
你好，已經(jīng)給你發(fā)送過去兩篇英文文獻，是上圖書館資源數(shù)據(jù)庫搜索的。不過沒有翻譯，這個真的很難的。 2篇文章題名為： 《Automated output-only dynamic identification of civil engineering structures》 《Advances in Structural Control in Civil Engineering in China》 希望對你有幫助~ 知道 舉手之勞團隊 隊長：曉斌
如圖
The car since 1885, "the father of automobile" Karl Benzmade the world's first tricycle, automobile has become one of the indispensable traffic tools of modern. The car generally consists of four basic parts of the engine,chassis, body and electrical equipment. Engine is the power unit of the car, just as our heart; the chassis is equivalent to the human skeleton, to support, installation of car parts; all kinds of apparel automobile body like us, not only used for automobile body, also can be through a variety of different automobile brands and models;electrical equipment from power and two parts electrical equipment, it is like the brain nerve, command "heart"movement. Do you know? First steam car is made inBeijing of china. In 1672, Belgian missionary Nan Huairen,in Beijing to create steam powered mechanical device, has become the first car four wheel steam car. At that time,Watt wasn't born, compound steam engine than he made115 years earlier, Biximingdun steam machine used in theearly 123 years, 150 years earlier than the train forStephenson, 200 years earlier than the Boolean forautomobile. Vehicle classification has many kinds, usually analysed by end use classification, can be divided into ordinary transport vehicle and special vehicle; according tothe power plant classification, divided into the steam engine, internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles, solar car etc.. Modern cars bring convenience to humans has also brought pollution, more than a hundred years ago, the carrunning has been dependent on gasoline engine. Over the past ten years, the development of electric vehicle batterytechnology, gradually approached us. Electric cars can be divided into three categories, hybrid, plug-in hybrid andelectric vehicle. They are using a power driven, in order to reduce gasoline use, even without the use of gasoline.Influence of electric vehicles on the environment compared with the traditional car is small, safe and convenientenergy, is the social trend of future automotive development. In the development of automobile industry,people in constant progress, I believe there will be more and better the miracle appear!
Acar wash(also written as "carwash") orauto washis a facility used to clean the exterior and, in some cases, the interior ofmotor vehicles. Categories While there are many types of car washes, most fall into the following categories: Hand car wash facilities, where the vehicle is washed by employees. Self-service facilities, which are generally coin-operated, where the customer does the washing, including "jet washing". In-bay automatics, which consist of an automatic machine that rolls back and forth over a stationary vehicle - often seen atfilling stationsand stand-alone wash sites. Tunnel washes, which use aconveyorto move the vehicle through a series of fixed cleaning mechanisms. Chemical car wash, also known as waterless car wash, uses chemicals to wash and polish car sur**. Thought to have originated in Australia and claims to be an eco-friendly car wash method.[citation needed] Steam car washes use a jet of steam and micro fiber towels, some include detergent injection. Known to have originated from South Korea, steam car washes have been especially popular as a low-investment, eco-friendly car wash solution in Asia, Middle East and Europe thanks to its sanitizing features and mobility.[citation needed] Mobile Car Washes, often also serving as mobile detailing systems, which carry plastic water tanks and use pressure washers. Sometimes these systems are mounted on trailers, on trucks, or in vans. Generally these operators also have a generator to run a shop vac., buffers and other tools as well.[citation needed] Mechanizedcar washes, especially those with brushes, were once avoided by some meticulous car owners because of the risk of damaging the finish. Paint finishes have improved as have car washing processes, and this perception of vehicle damage is much less today. However, this perception was the motive behind the rise of facilities utilizing "brushless" (cloth) and "touch-free" (high-pressure water) equipment, as well as modern "foam" washing wheels made of closed cell foam. In today's modern car wash facilities, whether tunnel, in-bay automatic or self-serve, soaps and other cleaning solutions used are designed to loosen and eliminate dirt and grime. This is in contrast to earlier times, whenhydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical, was commonly used as a cleaning agent in the industry by some operators. There has been a strong move in the industry to shift to safer cleaning solutions. Most car wash facilities are required by law to treat and/or reuse their water and may be required to maintain waste-water discharge permits, in contrast to unregulated facilities or even driveway washing (at one's home), where waste-water can end up in the storm drain and, eventually, in streams, rivers and lakes. Self-serve car wash http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_wash
我畢業(yè)設(shè)計的時候翻譯過英文論文，不過只有3000字，不知道行不行，如果需要給我發(fā)信息。
Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structures J.Y. Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, N.E. Shanmugam a, W.F. Chen b a Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore b School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Received 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 Abstract This paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulation is based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic coupling effects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately the elastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used to predict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered so that the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelled by using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examples including both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed analytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability 1. Introduction Two-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of plane frames composed of members with compact section, fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigation in recent years. The theory for advanced inelastic analysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has been well developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysis methods fulfil the requirements for the prediction of member strength and stability, with some constraints, satisfying the conventional column and beam–column design limit-state checks. Although there have been much work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D frame structures, the issues related to different theoretical and numerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiency in solving large frameworks are not addressed well. The research presented in this paper is an extension of advanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3– 5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisation of advanced analysis procedures. * Corresponding 改進非線性塑性鉸空間框架結(jié)構(gòu)的分析 摘要： 這份研究報告表明三維的框架結(jié)構(gòu)與二維邏輯性塑性鉸的關(guān)聯(lián)，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入橫斷面移動為基準(zhǔn)，并考慮軸力、彎曲和扭力的移位之間的關(guān)系。發(fā)達的計算機程序作出通過每個物質(zhì)成分作為一個基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可彎曲的負(fù)載量，它也能預(yù)報可彎曲負(fù)載量與軸向扭力和橫向扭力的不穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)聯(lián)，這對預(yù)報非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的作用是必不可少的，以便非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的性能和部分成分一些原理能被輸入計算機。重要的非線性通過使用濃縮的塑性鉸方式被制作模型，塑性鉸和成分末端是容許存在。數(shù)值的例子包括集合學(xué)和重要的非線性，兩者習(xí)慣于證明目的的分析方法和電腦程序的穩(wěn)定性，精確性。
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. History of civil engineering Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields. Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations. .不謝。望采納。。。。。。
自己去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文數(shù)據(jù)庫下載啊 或者到知網(wǎng)，維普等中文數(shù)據(jù)庫下載 很多的，校園網(wǎng)內(nèi)免費獲取 校園網(wǎng)外可以利用goo***學(xué)術(shù)搜索，有部分能免費下載 僅供參考~