在接下來的幾個(gè)部分中。2 Alkali-silica反應(yīng) 這種機(jī)制被認(rèn)為是第一,不是因?yàn)樗亲钪匾?但因?yàn)樗F(xiàn)在是容易理解的,所有的五項(xiàng)在第一節(jié)已覆蓋在英國(guó)權(quán)威性的指導(dǎo)。

路肩：路肩是路的一部分從路的外緣到隔離溝渠、排水溝、路崖、斜坡等之間的部分。雙向路中間有分隔的高速路也可能有一個(gè)內(nèi)路肩，從路的內(nèi)緣到隔離帶的中間。路肩是功能是給車輛提供一個(gè)換輪胎或處理其他問題的地方，也可以

工程management.Many土木工程專業(yè)是不完全的范圍內(nèi)的其他人能夠開始其職業(yè)生涯的管理posstions 。民間工程師經(jīng)理結(jié)合技術(shù)知識(shí)，有能力的工人arganize和協(xié)調(diào)能力，建材，機(jī)械，和金錢。這些工程師們可以在政府中工作，市，縣，州，

1城市運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)是城市地區(qū)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)基本組成部分。Urban transportion system is a fundamental part of social economic system in urban areas.2從20世紀(jì)20年代以來，公共交通的使用顯著減少，而私人汽車的使用急劇增加

1 reinforced concrete can be poured into various shapes, such as beams, columns, plates and arches.2 An important feature of building materials is stiffness.3 because the thickness of the wall required a large

The composition of a gravel deposit礫石沉積物 reflects not only the source ****s母巖 of the area from which it was derived but is also influenced by the agents responsible for its formation and the climatic r

LESSON 4 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （1）Sustained load 長(zhǎng)期荷載 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝膠體 （3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of t

土木工程造價(jià)專業(yè)英語第四版課后練習(xí)翻譯

2、城市（城鎮(zhèn)）city 以非農(nóng)業(yè)和非農(nóng)業(yè)人口聚集為主要特征的居民點(diǎn)。包括按國(guó)家行政建制設(shè)立的市和鎮(zhèn) 3、市 municipality； City 經(jīng)國(guó)家批準(zhǔn)設(shè)市建制的行政地域。4、鎮(zhèn) town 經(jīng)國(guó)家批準(zhǔn)設(shè)市建制的行政地域。5、市域

2.0.15 公共活動(dòng)中心 配套公建相對(duì)集中的居住區(qū)中心、小區(qū)中心和組團(tuán)中心等。2.0.16 道路紅線 城市道路(含居住區(qū)級(jí)道路)用地的規(guī)劃控制線。2.0.17 建筑線 一般稱建筑控制線，是建筑物基底位置的控制線。

16．城市綠線：是指城市各類綠地范圍的控制線。城市要按規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定綠化用地面積，分層次合理布局公共綠地，確定防護(hù)綠地、大型公共綠地等的綠線。城市綠線范圍內(nèi)的用地不得改作他用；在城市綠線范圍內(nèi)，不符合規(guī)劃要求的建筑物

城市范圍內(nèi)包括耕地、園地、林地、牧草地、村鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)用地、露天礦用地和棄置地,以及江、河、湖、海、水庫(kù)、葦?shù)?、灘涂和渠道等常年有水或季?jié)性有水的全部水域。 4.3.12 保留地 reserved land 城市中留待未來開發(fā)建設(shè)的或禁止開發(fā)的

5、居住區(qū)規(guī)劃 ① 居住區(qū)規(guī)劃 residential district planning 對(duì)城市居住區(qū)的住宅、公共設(shè)施、公共綠地、室外環(huán)境、道路交通和市政公用設(shè)施所進(jìn)行的綜合性具體安排。② 居住小區(qū) residential quarter 城市中由居住區(qū)級(jí)道路或自然分

3.0.16 城市規(guī)劃管理 urban planning administrarion 城市規(guī)劃編制、審批和實(shí)施等管理工作的統(tǒng)稱。4 城市規(guī)劃編制 []4.1 發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 []

城市規(guī)劃的專業(yè)詞匯有哪些?

Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通運(yùn) 輸系統(tǒng) Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal

領(lǐng)域。因?yàn)榘秶珡V,土木工程學(xué)又被細(xì)分為大量的技術(shù)專業(yè)。不同類型的工程需要多種不同土木工程專業(yè)技術(shù)。一個(gè)項(xiàng)目開始的時(shí)候,土木工程師要對(duì)場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行測(cè)繪,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和電力線。巖土工程專家則進(jìn)行土力學(xué)

fromirrigationanddrainagesystemsto****et-launchingfacilities.土木工程，這個(gè)最古老的工程專業(yè)，是指對(duì)被建設(shè)環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、建筑和管理。這個(gè)環(huán)境包括按科學(xué)原理所建的一切結(jié)構(gòu)，從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)備。Civilengineersb

LESSON 4 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . （1）Sustained load 長(zhǎng)期荷載 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝膠體 （3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of t

我不大清楚你到底要哪段，所以我全都放上來了……第四課 高層建筑 大體上建筑施工工藝學(xué)方面已經(jīng)有許多進(jìn)步, 在超高層的設(shè)計(jì)和施工上已經(jīng)取得了驚人的成就。高層建筑早期的發(fā)展開始于鋼結(jié)構(gòu)。鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)

Lesson 4 Tall BuildingAlthough there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.雖然在建筑施工技術(shù)

跪求土木工程專業(yè)英語(段兵延)LESSON4 原文

與成本控制,最重要的決議的質(zhì)量,在設(shè)備完成設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃階段,而不是在施工期間。正是在這種初步階段,即組件配置、物料規(guī)范和功能性能決定。施工過程的質(zhì)量控制,由大量的確保符合原先的設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃的決定。

Construction Safty:Safty in construction is the most important item in all construction items. it covers all the safty matters during the operation, including management, finance and logistic system et al.The gove

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

我們比以往任何時(shí)候更多地依賴于團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)承包商和發(fā)明人誰設(shè)計(jì)和建造以及維護(hù)復(fù)雜的環(huán)境，環(huán)繞著我們的日常生活。一個(gè)民間的施工隊(duì)伍的工作/工程師以上僅僅是這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)方面。他們有很多活動(dòng)，包括起草，決策，人機(jī)交互，通

求一篇施工方面文章及英文翻譯 謝

土木工程[tǔ mù ɡōnɡ chénɡ]civil engineering; earthwork 中中釋義 土木工程 [tǔ mù gōng chéng][civil engineering] 包括房屋、道路、橋港等工程的合稱 雙語例句 1英吉利海峽隧道是歐洲最大的土木工程。The

2. 板柱結(jié)構(gòu) slab-colume system 由樓板和柱（無梁）組成承重體系的房屋結(jié)構(gòu)，如升板結(jié)構(gòu)、無梁樓蓋結(jié)構(gòu)、整體預(yù)應(yīng)力板柱結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 框架結(jié)構(gòu) frame structure 由梁柱組成的能承受豎向、水平作用所產(chǎn)生各種效應(yīng)的單層、多層或

土木工程 [建] Civil Engineering 土木工程技術(shù) [建] Civil Engineering Technology 土木工程是建造各類工程設(shè)施的科學(xué)技術(shù)的統(tǒng)稱。它既指所應(yīng)用的材料、設(shè)備和所進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)、設(shè)計(jì)、施工、保養(yǎng)維修等技術(shù)活動(dòng)；也指工程建設(shè)的

2. 簡(jiǎn)支梁橋 simple supported girder bridge 以簡(jiǎn)支梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)的主要承重構(gòu)件的梁式橋。3. 連續(xù)梁橋 continuous girder bridge 以成列的連續(xù)梁作為橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)主要承重構(gòu)件的梁式橋。4. 懸臂梁橋 cantilever girder bridge

土木工程專業(yè)常用英語詞匯：估算/費(fèi)用估算:estimate/cost estimate:估算類型: types of estimate;詳細(xì)估算:是偏差幅度最小的估算，defined estimate;設(shè)備估算: equipment estimate;分析估算:analysis estimate 報(bào)價(jià)估算:proposalestima

2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察流滑flow slide2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察陸相沉積continental sedimentation2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察泥石流mud flow, debris flow2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察年粘土礦物clay minerals2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察凝灰?guī)rtuff2. 工程地質(zhì)及勘察牛軛湖ox-bow

geotome工程地質(zhì)及勘察取土器 sandstone工程地質(zhì)及勘察砂巖 spit, sand spit工程地質(zhì)及勘察砂嘴 **** pressure工程地質(zhì)及勘察山巖壓力 plutionic ****工程地質(zhì)及勘察深成巖 limestone工程地質(zhì)及勘察石灰?guī)r quartz工程地質(zhì)及勘察石英

土木工程常用的英語

2、teaching /cla**oom building教學(xué)大樓 3、auditorium 大禮堂 4、student's dormitory學(xué)生宿舍 5、gym 體操館 6、stadium 體育場(chǎng) 7、library 圖書館 8、bookshelf 書架 英語翻譯技巧：第一、省略翻譯法 這與最開始提到的

建筑物用英語翻譯是:Building，見下圖百度翻譯

construction building 問題三：“建筑”用英語怎么說 建筑： building；construct；Architecture； 一是廣義的 建筑 (Construction),即建設(shè)的意思;二是狹義的 建筑 (Building),即房屋 建筑 ;三是最狹義的 建筑 ( Architecture

construct v.建筑；建造；建立；構(gòu)筑；構(gòu)成；組成；形成；造；作 erect adj.豎直的；挺直的；勃起的；豎起的 building n.建筑物；營(yíng)造物；建筑；發(fā)展；創(chuàng)造；籌辦；建筑建筑物的過程；增強(qiáng)；增長(zhǎng) structure n.結(jié)構(gòu)；構(gòu)造；

architecture construction 建筑的英文例句：這種建筑風(fēng)格讓我感到很壓抑。This kind of architectural style depresses me.紫禁城是世界上最偉大的建筑之一。The Forbidden City is one of the world's greatest works of archite

問題一：“建筑”用英語怎么說 建筑： building；construct；Architecture； 一是廣義的 建筑 (Construction),即建設(shè)的意思;二是狹義的 建筑 (Building),即房屋 建筑 ;三是最狹義的 建筑 ( Architecture ),即 建筑 學(xué)。

1、building的基本意思是“建筑物”,可指各種用途、大小、形式的建筑,是建筑物的總稱,是可數(shù)名詞。2、building還可指“建筑”,指一種抽象的藝術(shù)或行業(yè),為不可數(shù)名詞。3、building用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)其復(fù)數(shù)為buildings。4、the.

建筑英語翻譯

樓上 你不確定就不要回答呀 要是人家 用了你的 不正確 怎么辦呢？ 主創(chuàng)建筑師General Architect 參考 主任建筑師Architecture Conceptual Designer-柏景（廣州）園林景觀 主任建筑師 Principal Architect 參考：招聘Principal Architect－Airport 主任建筑師－ **英國(guó)阿特金斯集團(tuán) 首席設(shè)計(jì)師Chief Designer 首席建筑師Architect 參考 Chief Architect X1 (首席建筑師v11.0)
Architecture has been dubbed the "Concretionary Music" and has become a critical component of human civilizations. Ancient Chinese buildings are mainly timberwork structures built by the Han people as well as some excellent structures made by ethnic minorities. These ancient buildings have been developed and improved amidst the traditional Chinese culture. They gradually evolved into a close and independent architectural system between 2nd century B.C. and mid 19th century. They feature superior aesthetic values, architectural techniques and profound cultural meanings. Ancient Chinese architectural design has distributed its sharp-cut characteristics and style to a vast territory. It has also directly influenced ancient Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and some 17th century European buildings. 建筑被譽(yù)為“康樂音樂”，已成為人類文明的重要組成部分。 中國(guó)古代建筑主要是漢族建筑的木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑以及少數(shù)民族優(yōu)秀的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些古老建筑在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化中得到發(fā)展和完善。 他們逐漸發(fā)展成為一個(gè)緊密而獨(dú)立的建筑系統(tǒng)，在二世紀(jì)。 和十九世紀(jì)中葉。 它們具有優(yōu)越的審美價(jià)值，建筑技術(shù)和深刻的文化意義。 古代中國(guó)建筑設(shè)計(jì)將其鮮明的特色和風(fēng)格分布于廣闊的地域。 它也直接影響了古代日本，韓國(guó)，越南和約17世紀(jì)的歐洲建筑。
擋土墻擋土墻retaining wall 擋土墻擋土墻排水設(shè)施 擋土墻擋土墻穩(wěn)定性stability of retaining wall 擋土墻垛式擋土墻 擋土墻扶垛式擋土墻counterfort retaining wall 擋土墻后垛墻（臺(tái)）counterfort retaining wall 擋土墻基礎(chǔ)墻foundation wall 擋土墻加筋土擋墻reinforced earth bulkhead 擋土墻錨定板擋土墻anchored plate retaining wall 擋土墻錨定式板樁墻anchored sheet pile wall 擋土墻錨桿式擋土墻anchor rod retaining wall 擋土墻懸壁式板樁墻cantilever sheet pile wall 擋土墻懸壁式擋土墻cantilever sheet pile wall 擋土墻重力式擋土墻gravity retaining wall 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物板樁sheet pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物板樁結(jié)構(gòu)sheet pile structure 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物鋼板樁steel sheet pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物鋼筋混凝土板樁reinforced concrete sheet pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物鋼樁steel pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物灌注樁cast-in-place pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物拉桿tie rod 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物錨定式板樁墻anchored sheet pile wall 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物錨固技術(shù)anchoring 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物錨座Anchorage 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物木板樁wooden sheet pile 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物木樁timber piles 板樁結(jié)構(gòu)物懸壁式板樁墻cantilever sheet pile wall 基坑開挖與降水板樁圍護(hù)sheet pile-braced cuts 基坑開挖與降水電滲法electro-osmotic drainage 基坑開挖與降水管涌piping 基坑開挖與降水基底隆起heave of base 基坑開挖與降水基坑降水dewatering 基坑開挖與降水基坑失穩(wěn)instability (failure) of foundation pit 基坑開挖與降水基坑圍護(hù)bracing of foundation pit 基坑開挖與降水減壓井relief well 基坑開挖與降水降低地下水位法dewatering method 基坑開挖與降水井點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)well point system 基坑開挖與降水噴射井點(diǎn)eductor well point 基坑開挖與降水鉛直邊坡的臨界高度critical height of vertical slope 基坑開挖與降水砂沸sand boiling 基坑開挖與降水深井點(diǎn)deep well point 基坑開挖與降水真空井點(diǎn)vacuum well point 基坑開挖與降水支撐圍護(hù)braced cuts 淺基礎(chǔ)杯形基礎(chǔ) 淺基礎(chǔ)補(bǔ)償性基礎(chǔ)compensated foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)持力層bearing stratum 淺基礎(chǔ)次層（臺(tái)）substratum 淺基礎(chǔ)單獨(dú)基礎(chǔ)individual footing 淺基礎(chǔ)倒梁法inverted beam method 淺基礎(chǔ)剛性角pressure distribution an*** of masonary foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)剛性基礎(chǔ)rigid foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)高杯口基礎(chǔ) 淺基礎(chǔ)基礎(chǔ)埋置深度embeded depth of foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)基床系數(shù)coefficient of subgrade reaction 淺基礎(chǔ)基底附加應(yīng)力net foundation pressure 淺基礎(chǔ)交叉條形基礎(chǔ)cross strip footing 淺基礎(chǔ)接觸壓力contact pressure 淺基礎(chǔ)靜定分析法（淺基礎(chǔ)）static analysis (shallow foundation) 淺基礎(chǔ)殼體基礎(chǔ)shell foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)spread footing 淺基礎(chǔ)片筏基礎(chǔ)mat foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)淺基礎(chǔ)shallow foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)墻下條形基礎(chǔ) 淺基礎(chǔ)熱摩奇金法Zemochkin s method 淺基礎(chǔ)柔性基礎(chǔ)flexible foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)上部結(jié)構(gòu)－基礎(chǔ)－土共同作用分析structure- foundation-soil interactionanalysis 淺基礎(chǔ)談彈性地基梁（板）分析analysis of beams and slabs on elastic foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)條形基礎(chǔ)strip footing 淺基礎(chǔ)下臥層substratum 淺基礎(chǔ)箱形基礎(chǔ)box foundation 淺基礎(chǔ)柱下條形基礎(chǔ) 深基礎(chǔ)貝諾托灌注樁Benoto cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)波動(dòng)方程分析Wave equation analysis 深基礎(chǔ)場(chǎng)鑄樁（臺(tái))cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)沉管灌注樁diving casting cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)沉井基礎(chǔ)open-end caisson foundation 深基礎(chǔ)沉箱基礎(chǔ)box caisson foundation 深基礎(chǔ)成孔灌注同步樁synchronous pile 深基礎(chǔ)承臺(tái)pile caps 深基礎(chǔ)充盈系數(shù)fullness coefficient 深基礎(chǔ)單樁承載力bearing capacity of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)單樁橫向極限承載力ultimate lateral resistance of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)單樁豎向抗拔極限承載力vertical ultimate uplift resistance of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)單樁豎向抗壓容許承載力vertical ultimate carrying capacity of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)單樁豎向抗壓極限承載力vertical allowable load capacity of sin*** pile 深基礎(chǔ)低樁承臺(tái)low pile cap 深基礎(chǔ)地下連續(xù)墻diaphgram wall 深基礎(chǔ)點(diǎn)承樁（臺(tái)）end-bearing pile 深基礎(chǔ)動(dòng)力打樁公式dynamic pile driving formula 深基礎(chǔ)端承樁end-bearing pile 深基礎(chǔ)法蘭基灌注樁Franki pile 深基礎(chǔ)負(fù)摩擦力negative skin friction of pile 深基礎(chǔ)鋼筋混凝土預(yù)制樁precast reinforced concrete piles 深基礎(chǔ)鋼樁steel pile 深基礎(chǔ)高樁承臺(tái)high-rise pile cap 深基礎(chǔ)灌注樁cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)橫向載荷樁laterally loaded vertical piles 深基礎(chǔ)護(hù)壁泥漿slurry coat method 深基礎(chǔ)回轉(zhuǎn)鉆孔灌注樁rotatory boring cast-in-place pile 深基礎(chǔ)機(jī)挖異形灌注樁 深基礎(chǔ)靜力壓樁silent piling 深基礎(chǔ)抗拔樁uplift pile 深基礎(chǔ)抗滑樁anti-slide pile 深基礎(chǔ)摩擦樁friction pile 深基礎(chǔ)木樁timber piles 深基礎(chǔ)嵌巖灌注樁piles set into **** 深基礎(chǔ)群樁pile groups 深基礎(chǔ)群樁效率系數(shù)efficiency factor of pile groups 深基礎(chǔ)群樁效應(yīng)efficiency of pile groups 深基礎(chǔ)群樁豎向極限承載力vertical ultimate load capacity of pile groups 深基礎(chǔ)深基礎(chǔ)deep foundation 深基礎(chǔ)豎直群樁橫向極限承載力 深基礎(chǔ)無樁靴夯擴(kuò)灌注樁rammed bulb ile 深基礎(chǔ)旋轉(zhuǎn)擠壓灌注樁 深基礎(chǔ)樁piles 深基礎(chǔ)樁基動(dòng)測(cè)技術(shù)dynamic pile test 深基礎(chǔ)鉆孔墩基礎(chǔ)drilled-pier foundation 深基礎(chǔ)鉆孔擴(kuò)底灌注樁under-reamed bored pile 深基礎(chǔ)鉆孔壓注樁starsol enbesol pile 深基礎(chǔ)最后貫入度final set 地基處理表層壓密法sur** compaction 地基處理超載預(yù)壓surcharge preloading 地基處理袋裝砂井sand wick 地基處理地工織物geofabric, geotextile 地基處理地基處理ground treatment, foundation treatment 地基處理電動(dòng)化學(xué)灌漿electrochemical grouting 地基處理電滲法electro-osmotic drainage
1.我的專業(yè)是土木工程 My major is civil engineering. 2. 我的專業(yè)是土木工程表示本科或?qū)？啤?I am majored in civil engineering for Bachelor's degree/Associated degree. 3. 我的專業(yè)是土木工程表示碩士或博士。 I am pursuing Master's degree /Doctor's degree of the major of civil engineering. 拓展內(nèi)容 土木工程 civil engineering ; civil works 短語 土木工程拓展署 Civil Engineering and Development Department ; CEDD 土木工程技術(shù) Civil Engineering Technology 土木工程材料 Civil Engineering Materials ; Materials of Civil Engineering ; Management
Health care A new prescription for the poor 為貧窮者新開的處方 America is developing a two-tier health system, one for those with private insurance, the other for the less well-off 美國(guó)正在發(fā)展一個(gè)雙重的健康系統(tǒng)，一重是為那些有個(gè)人保險(xiǎn)的人群，而另一重則是為那些不那么富裕的人群 Oct 8th 2011 | NEW YORK | from the print edition “IT’S time for Dancing with the Stars!”, a woman announces enthusiastically. At this New York health centre, wedged between housing projects to the east and Chinatown to the west, “dancing with the stars” means dancing with a physical therapist. An old man stands up with a nurse and begins a determined samba. “是時(shí)候和明星一起跳舞了！”一位女士滿懷熱情地宣告。在這個(gè)坐落于房屋工程的西面，唐人街東面的紐約健康中心，“和明星起舞”的意思是和一位物理治療師跳舞。一位老者和一個(gè)護(hù)士站起來，開始跳事先確定好的桑巴舞。 Comprehensive Care Management (CCM), which runs this centre, tries to keep old people active. To do so, explains Joseph Healy, the chief operating officer, is in the company’s best interest. The government pays CCM a capped rate for the care of its members. If someone gets sick, his health costs rise and the company’s margin shrinks. Mr Healy argues that the system is the best way to provide good care at a low cost. Increasingly others seem to agree. 經(jīng)營(yíng)這個(gè)中心的綜合護(hù)理管理部門（CCM）努力保持老人們的活力。約瑟夫-海莉，首席運(yùn)營(yíng)官解釋說，這樣做符合公司 的最佳利益。政府給這個(gè)部門一個(gè)封頂?shù)慕蛸N來讓他們照顧這些人。如果有人生病了，他的健康成本就會(huì)上升，公司的利潤(rùn)就會(huì)萎縮。海莉先生確定說這個(gè)系統(tǒng)能夠 在一個(gè)低成本上提供最佳的護(hù)理。其他人也逐漸同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。 Medicaid, America’s health programme for the poor, is in the process of being transformed. Over the next three years, New York will move its entire Medicaid population into “managed care”, paying companies a set rate to tend to the poor, rather than paying a fee for each service. New York is not alone. States from California to Mississippi are expanding managed care. It is the culmination of a steady shift in the way most poor Americans receive their health-care treatment. 公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助，即美國(guó)的窮人健康計(jì)劃，正在被改造的過程中。在接下來的 三年內(nèi)，紐約將把整個(gè)接受窮人健康計(jì)劃的人群納入“管理關(guān)懷”之中，付給公司們一個(gè)事先定好的費(fèi)用來照顧那些窮人，而不是按照項(xiàng)目來付費(fèi)。紐約不是唯一這 樣做的州。加州，密西西比州正在拓展管理關(guān)懷計(jì)劃。這代表一種正在進(jìn)行中的穩(wěn)步轉(zhuǎn)變，即大部分貧窮美國(guó)人接受健康關(guān)懷方式的轉(zhuǎn)變。 Medicaid is America’s sin*** biggest health programme. This year roughly one in five Americans will be covered by Medicaid for a month or more. It gobbles more federal and local money than any state programme, other than education. Costs will rise even more when Barack Obama’s health-care reform expands the programme by easing eligibility rules in 2014. Congress’s “supercommittee” is already considering cuts. However, there are more immediate pressures behind the present drive for change. 公 共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助是美國(guó)最大的單一健康計(jì)劃。今年，五個(gè)美國(guó)人中的一個(gè)就會(huì)被納入該計(jì)劃一個(gè)月或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。除了教育之外，它比其他任何州的財(cái)政計(jì)劃耗去更多聯(lián)邦 和地方的經(jīng)費(fèi)。當(dāng)2014年奧巴馬的健康保險(xiǎn)改革放寬適用人群而使整個(gè)計(jì)劃更加龐大的時(shí)候，成本將會(huì)進(jìn)一步上升。眾議院的“超級(jí)委員會(huì)”已經(jīng)在考慮削減經(jīng) 費(fèi)。然而，選擇這種變化，將會(huì)有更多即刻的壓力存在。 Enrolment in Medicaid jumped during the downturn, from 42.7m in December 2007 to 50.3m in June 2010. Mr Obama’s stimulus bill helped to pay for some of this, but that money has dried up. Faced with gaping deficits, some desperate governors slashed payments to hospitals and doctors, or refused to pay for trips to the dentist or oculist. But much the most important result has been structural: the expansion of managed care. 公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃的參與人數(shù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡期間從2007年 12月的 4270萬人跳到了2010年6月的5030萬人。奧巴馬先生的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激經(jīng)費(fèi)能夠幫助付掉其中的一部分，但是錢已經(jīng)被用光。面對(duì)資金短缺，一些絕望的州長(zhǎng) 砍掉了給醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生的補(bǔ)助，或是拒絕支付牙醫(yī)和眼科醫(yī)生的旅行費(fèi)用。但是，更多地，最重要的結(jié)果是結(jié)構(gòu)上的：管理關(guān)懷的拓展。 States have dabbled in managed care for decades. The trend accelerated in the 1990s, with the share of Medicaid patients under this form of care reaching 72% by 2009. Now, however, there is a strong push for the remainder. States that did not have managed care, such as Louisiana, are introducing it. Other states are extending it to people previously deemed off limits: California and New York, for example, are moving the elderly and disabled into that system of care. Texas is targeting more than 400,000 Medicaid beneficiaries in the Rio Grande Valley. Local politicians had resisted the move, nervous that care might deteriorate. But the yawning deficit meant that they were overruled. 各個(gè)州涉足管理關(guān)懷已經(jīng)有幾 十年的歷史了。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)在90年代得到**發(fā)展，在2009年前使用這種護(hù)理方式的公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助病人占到了72%?，F(xiàn)在，對(duì)于剩下的人，這也是很強(qiáng)的推動(dòng) 力。像路易斯安那州這樣沒有管理關(guān)懷的州正在引進(jìn)管理關(guān)懷。其他州也把這個(gè)拓展到原先被認(rèn)為不適用的人群：舉例說像加州和紐約州，正在把老人和殘障人士納 入這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，德州的目標(biāo)是在格蘭德河谷超過400000公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助收益人群。地方政治家反對(duì)這個(gè)舉動(dòng)，他們擔(dān)心這個(gè)護(hù)理系統(tǒng)將會(huì)變質(zhì)。但是巨大的赤字 意味著他們的觀點(diǎn)注定要被批駁。 The result is a country with two distinct tiers of health care. Most Americans with private insurance are still horrified by thoughts of health-management organisations and prefer to pay fees for each medical service. For the poor, managed care is becoming the norm. 結(jié)果就是一個(gè)國(guó)家有兩套截然不同的健康保險(xiǎn)系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)有個(gè)人保險(xiǎn)的美國(guó)人仍舊害怕那些健康管理組織的想法而寧愿為單獨(dú)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)付費(fèi)。對(duì)于窮人來說，管理關(guān)懷已經(jīng)成為一種常規(guī)。 Advocates of managed care have high expectations. First, they hope that it will make costs more predictable. Second, they believe that the change will improve patients’ health. In managed care, a patient has a network of doctors and specialists. If the programme works properly, doctors can monitor all aspects of care, in contrast to the fragmented fee-for-service system. The contracts that states have with firms can set standards for quality. Texas, for instance, will cut 5% from a company’s payment if it does not meet what is required. 管理關(guān)懷的鼓吹者有著很高的 期待。首先，他們希望這能讓成本變得可以預(yù)測(cè)，其次，他們相信，這個(gè)改變可以改善病人的健康。在管理關(guān)懷中，一個(gè)病人有一個(gè)由醫(yī)生和專家組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。如果 這個(gè)計(jì)劃運(yùn)行良好，醫(yī)生可以監(jiān)測(cè)關(guān)懷的各個(gè)方面，相對(duì)于分離的的按服務(wù)付錢的系統(tǒng)來說。州政府和公司的合同可以為質(zhì)量定下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。德州，舉例說，將會(huì)在付款 中扣除5%如果公司沒有達(dá)到要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 The next step is to integrate care for those eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare, the federal programme for the old. These “duals” account for almost 40% of Medicaid’s costs and just 15% of its population. “If managed care can really deliver better care than fee-for-service”, says Diane Rowland, chair of the commission that advises Congress on Medicaid, “this is the population that could prove it.” 下一步是整合那些同時(shí)符合公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助和長(zhǎng)者醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助計(jì)劃（聯(lián)邦老人醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助）的人群。這些“雙符合”人群占據(jù)了將近40%的公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ) 助成本和僅僅15%的人口數(shù)量。“如果管理關(guān)懷能真正比按項(xiàng)目付費(fèi)帶來更好的服務(wù)”，戴安-羅蘭德，委員會(huì)（指導(dǎo)國(guó)會(huì)在公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助政策上進(jìn)行決策）主任 說：“這是一群能證明管理關(guān)懷可行的人。” But some, such as Norma Vescovo, are sceptical. As the head of the non-profit Independent Living Centre of Southern California (ILCSC), Ms Vescovo serves Medicaid patients with severe health problems. Over the years she has often sued California on policies that she thinks will hurt her vulnerable clients. On October 3rd her case moved to the Supreme Court. 但是一些人，例如像諾瑪-凡斯科夫就對(duì)此表示懷疑。作為非盈利的南加州獨(dú)立生活中心主任，凡斯科夫女士服務(wù)于那些有嚴(yán)重健康問題的接受公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助的病人。在這些年間，她經(jīng)?？馗婕又菡谝恍┱呱蠒?huì)傷害她的一些脆弱的客戶。在10月3日，她的案子被移到了上訴法院。 The outcome of Douglas v Independent Living Centre will have profound implications for the future of Medicaid. Ms Vescovo’s suit concerns cuts to hospitals and doctors. But the case will also guide the course of managed care. If ILCSC and its co-plaintiffs win, private groups will continue to be able to challenge states on policies they think violate federal Medicaid law. Ms Vescovo, who argues that California’s payment cuts would eviscerate her clients’ access to services, worries that under managed care the disabled might not be able to see the specialists they need. 道格拉斯 v 獨(dú)立生活中心的結(jié)果將會(huì)對(duì)公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。凡斯科夫女士的訴訟影響到醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生的津貼削減。但是這個(gè)案子將會(huì)引領(lǐng)管理關(guān)懷的進(jìn)程。如果中心和其 他原告勝訴，私人團(tuán)體將會(huì)繼續(xù)在那些他們認(rèn)為違反聯(lián)邦法律的政策上挑戰(zhàn)州政府。凡斯科夫女士認(rèn)為說加州的支付削減計(jì)劃會(huì)讓她的客戶失去得到服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)，她 還擔(dān)心，在管理關(guān)懷之下，那些殘障人士可能不能見到那些他們需要的專家。 The question is how to supervise the experiments with managed care that are being carried out in various states. To date, Medicaid beneficiaries have been able to challenge the states in court. However, if the Supreme Court rules against ILCSC, that avenue will be closed. The Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) technically can intervene if states do not provide proper access to care. In reality, CMS has few tools to do so. 問 題是怎么監(jiān)管在不同州試運(yùn)行的管理關(guān)懷。到目前為止，公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助受益者已經(jīng)能夠在法庭中挑戰(zhàn)政府。然而，如果上訴法庭結(jié)果不利于中心，那么這條路將會(huì)被 關(guān)閉。如果州政府沒有提供合適的關(guān)懷的話，公共醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助和長(zhǎng)者醫(yī)療關(guān)懷中心理論上是能對(duì)此進(jìn)行干涉，但事實(shí)上，他們沒有太多辦法。 “I’m a big fan of managed care”, says Sara Rosenbaum, a professor at George Washington University, “but this transformation may happen with almost no federal oversight.” Medicaid beneficiaries are vulnerable, in worse health than Americans as a whole. Companies may strug*** to cut costs and provide good care as well. If states do not draft their contracts properly, or fail to be vigilant in monitoring patients’ health, their experiment in managed care could be a disaster. On the other hand, if states are careful they could provide an answer to the question that has vexed America for years: how to provide good, cheap health care. “我是 管理關(guān)懷的擁護(hù)者”，薩拉-羅森博姆，一位喬治華盛頓大學(xué)教授說，“但是這種轉(zhuǎn)變可能在沒有聯(lián)邦監(jiān)管的情況下發(fā)生?！惫册t(yī)療補(bǔ)助的受益者和你脆弱，健康 程度整體上比一般美國(guó)人要差。公司可能在削減成本的同時(shí)掙扎著同樣提供良好的服務(wù)。如果州政府們不好好起草他們的合同，或沒有警覺地監(jiān)控病人的健康的話， 他們?cè)诠芾黻P(guān)懷上的實(shí)驗(yàn)可能會(huì)是一場(chǎng)災(zāi)難。另一方面，如果州政府們認(rèn)真的話，他們能為那個(gè)困擾美國(guó)人多年的問題提供答案，即怎么提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的便宜的健康關(guān) 懷。
Electric Power Systems 電力系統(tǒng) The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的電力供應(yīng)依賴于更多地比以往任何時(shí)候。 It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它無法想象的世界應(yīng)該是什么，如果電力供應(yīng)中斷了世界各地。 Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 電力系統(tǒng)（或電力能源系統(tǒng)），提供電力到現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，已成為不可缺少的組成部分產(chǎn)業(yè)界的。 The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一個(gè)完整的電力系統(tǒng)（包括發(fā)電機(jī)，電纜，熔斷器，計(jì)量，并加載）的托馬斯愛迪生所建-站紐約市珍珠街的歷史始于1882年9月運(yùn)作。 This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 這是一個(gè)半徑直流系統(tǒng)組成的一個(gè)蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的直流發(fā)電機(jī)面積約1.5公里至59供電范圍內(nèi)的客戶。負(fù)載，其中包括完全的白熾燈，為V提供110通過地下電纜系統(tǒng)。 Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. 在一個(gè)類似的系統(tǒng)在大多數(shù)大城市在世界各地運(yùn)行數(shù)年。隨著馬達(dá)的弗蘭克斯普拉格發(fā)展在1884年，電機(jī)負(fù)載被添加到這些系統(tǒng)。這是什么開始發(fā)展成為世界上最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。在最初的直流系統(tǒng)廣泛使用盡管如此，他們幾乎完全被空調(diào)系統(tǒng)所取代。到1886年，直流系統(tǒng)的局限性也日益明顯。他們可以提供功率只有很短的距離從發(fā)電機(jī)。 To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 為了保持發(fā)射功率損失（我2 R）和電壓下降到可接受的水平，電壓等級(jí)，必須長(zhǎng)途輸電高。如此高的電壓不發(fā)電和電力消耗可以接受的，因此，電壓轉(zhuǎn)換成為一個(gè)方便的手段的必要性。 The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 在發(fā)展的變壓器，法國(guó)和交流輸電由L.巴黎戈拉爾和JD吉布斯導(dǎo)致交流電力系統(tǒng)。 In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年，第一次在北美交流傳輸線將在俄勒岡州波特蘭之間威拉梅特大瀑布和實(shí)施。 It was a sin***-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.這是一個(gè)單相線路傳輸功率為4,000公里，超過21 V系統(tǒng)的距離。隨著交流的發(fā)展多相系統(tǒng)由尼古拉特斯拉，成為更具吸引力的。通過1888年，特斯拉舉行交流多項(xiàng)專利電動(dòng)機(jī)，發(fā)電機(jī)，變壓器和輸電系統(tǒng)。西屋公司購(gòu)買了這些早期的發(fā)明專利，并形成了系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)，現(xiàn)在的交流。 In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世紀(jì)90年代，有很大的爭(zhēng)議或交流電力行業(yè)是否應(yīng)該統(tǒng)一于直流。到了世紀(jì)之交的，在交流系統(tǒng)贏得了原因出在下面的直流系統(tǒng)為： （1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. （1）電壓水平可以很容易地改變了空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，從而提供了傳輸?shù)撵`活性，發(fā)電用不同的電壓和消費(fèi)。 （2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. （2）交流發(fā)電機(jī)簡(jiǎn)單得多比直流發(fā)電機(jī)。 （3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. （三）交流電機(jī)和電機(jī)便宜簡(jiǎn)單得多，比直流。 The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. 前三個(gè)階段的美國(guó)北線投產(chǎn)于1893年- 1 2300五，南加州12公里路線研究。 In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在電力傳輸初期交流，頻率不規(guī)范。 Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有許多不同頻率的使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫茲。 This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. 這對(duì)互連的問題。最后60赫茲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獲得通過，成為美國(guó)在北美，雖然是50赫茲在許多其他國(guó)家使用。 The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 較長(zhǎng)的距離越來越需要大量的電力傳輸多激勵(lì)他們逐步使用高壓的水平。為了避免電壓增殖數(shù)量無限，業(yè)界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電壓水平。在美國(guó)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是115，138， 161，和230千伏的高電壓（高壓）類，345，500和765千伏級(jí)的特高電壓（超高壓）。在中國(guó)，各級(jí)使用電壓為10，35，110級(jí)高壓， 220，中國(guó)330（僅在西北）和500千伏超高壓類。 The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一個(gè)750 kVtransmission線將建在不久的將來在中國(guó)西北地區(qū)。 With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 隨著交流的發(fā)展/直流轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備，高壓直流高壓直流（HVDC）傳輸系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為更具吸引力的經(jīng)濟(jì)和情況特殊。 The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. 在高壓直流輸電可用于輸電塊以上的大長(zhǎng)途電話，并提供不同系統(tǒng)間的異步連接在AC聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)將是不切實(shí)際的，因?yàn)榉€(wěn)定考慮，或因標(biāo)稱頻率的系統(tǒng)。 The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 基本要求到電源系統(tǒng)是提供一個(gè)不間斷的能源供應(yīng)，以客戶可接受的電壓和頻率。 Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于電力無法大量?jī)?chǔ)存在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法和經(jīng)濟(jì)，電力的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)必須同時(shí)進(jìn)行。系統(tǒng)的故障或誤操作的權(quán)力在任何階段可能導(dǎo)致電力供應(yīng)中斷給客戶。 Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此，一個(gè)正常的電力系統(tǒng)連續(xù)運(yùn)行的，提供可靠的電力供應(yīng)給客戶的重要性是至關(guān)重要的。 Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定，可廣泛定義為干擾財(cái)產(chǎn)的權(quán)力系統(tǒng)，可繼續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的狀態(tài)下正常運(yùn)行的平衡條件和后向遭受恢復(fù)一個(gè)可以接受的平衡狀態(tài)。 Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode. 在電力系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定可能會(huì)表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營(yíng)方式和多種不同的方式取決于系統(tǒng)配置。 Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially "in step". This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor an***s and power-an*** relationships, and then referred to " rotor an*** stability ". 傳統(tǒng)上，穩(wěn)定性問題一直是一個(gè)保持同步運(yùn)行。由于電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電電力，一個(gè)令人滿意的系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的必要條件是，依靠同步電機(jī)同步電機(jī)都留在同步或通俗的“步驟”。這一方面是受穩(wěn)定的發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子的動(dòng)態(tài)角度和功角的關(guān)系，然后提到“轉(zhuǎn)子角穩(wěn)定”。
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這些內(nèi)容在規(guī)范中都有明確說明的： 1、村莊建設(shè)應(yīng)與舊村在空間格局、道路系統(tǒng)等方面良好銜接，在建筑風(fēng)格、景觀環(huán)境等方面有機(jī)協(xié)調(diào)；在舊村基礎(chǔ)上沿1—2個(gè)方向集中建設(shè)(選擇發(fā)展方向應(yīng)考慮交通條件、土地供給、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)等因素)，避免無序蔓延，盡量形成團(tuán)塊狀緊湊布局的形態(tài)；統(tǒng)籌安排新舊村公共設(shè)施與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施配套建設(shè)。根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際，全面綜合協(xié)調(diào)安排村莊各類用地。村莊建設(shè)用地原則上應(yīng)集中緊湊布局．適當(dāng)預(yù)留發(fā)展用地，避免無序擴(kuò)張。盡量不推山、不砍樹、不填塘、不刻意裁彎取直道路。 2、建筑布局應(yīng)按照功能分區(qū)的原則，布置各類用房位置，力求達(dá)到功能合理，流程便捷，解決內(nèi)外相互間的聯(lián)系與分隔，避免交叉。老年人居住建筑一般分為居住生活、醫(yī)療保健、輔助服務(wù)、休閑娛樂等功能分區(qū)，特別是大型、特大型老年人居住建筑，規(guī)劃時(shí)要求結(jié)構(gòu)完整，分區(qū)明確，注意安全疏散出口不應(yīng)少于2個(gè)，以保證防災(zāi)疏散安全。 3、用地布局主要包括社會(huì)服務(wù)設(shè)施及公共綠地的配置等內(nèi)容。確定各類用地性質(zhì)、范圍，進(jìn)行主要社會(huì)服務(wù)設(shè)施的分級(jí)配置，標(biāo)明規(guī)劃建筑、公共綠地、道路、廣場(chǎng)、停車場(chǎng)、河湖水面等的位置和范圍。 4、鎮(zhèn)區(qū)環(huán)境綠化規(guī)劃應(yīng)根據(jù)地形地貌、現(xiàn)狀綠地的特點(diǎn)和生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)的要求，結(jié)合用地布局，統(tǒng)一安排公共綠地、防護(hù)綠地、各類用地中的附屬綠地，以及鎮(zhèn)區(qū)周圍環(huán)境的綠化，形成綠地系統(tǒng)。公共綠地主要應(yīng)包括鎮(zhèn)區(qū)級(jí)公園、街區(qū)公共綠地，以及路旁、水旁寬度大于5m的綠帶，防護(hù)綠地應(yīng)根據(jù)衛(wèi)生和安全防護(hù)功能的要求，規(guī)劃布置水源保護(hù)區(qū)防護(hù)綠地、工礦企業(yè)防護(hù)綠帶、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的衛(wèi)生隔離帶、鐵路和公路防護(hù)綠帶、高壓電力線路走廊綠化和防風(fēng)林帶等。
這本書可以去當(dāng)當(dāng)網(wǎng)購(gòu)買哦！是中文版的。 2008-9-1 新版的！ 網(wǎng)址：http://product.dangdang /product.aspx?product_id=20383510 內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介 本書結(jié)合城市規(guī)劃專業(yè)知識(shí)體系，精選其核心內(nèi)容，題材廣泛，涉及城市規(guī)劃專業(yè)各領(lǐng)域知識(shí)、內(nèi)容。本書由專業(yè)閱讀、專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)信息、專業(yè)詞匯三部分組成。第一部分為主干內(nèi)容，均在美、英等國(guó)出版的經(jīng)典原版城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)教材、最新專著和近期刊物原文素材基礎(chǔ)上編寫。采用文章56篇，涉及城市規(guī)劃理論、城市形態(tài)、城市模型與城市設(shè)計(jì)理論、城市風(fēng)景、城市建筑、居住環(huán)境等內(nèi)容。第二部分主要包括國(guó)內(nèi)外期刊、網(wǎng)站、學(xué)術(shù)組織等學(xué)術(shù)信息。第三部分基本涵蓋了本專業(yè)的專業(yè)詞匯和術(shù)語。 本書可作為高等學(xué)校城市規(guī)劃、建筑學(xué)、市政工程、管理等學(xué)科的本科生、研究生專業(yè)英語教材，還可作為大學(xué)英語選修課教材或行業(yè)培訓(xùn)參考書。 目錄 第一部分 專業(yè)閱讀 1 英國(guó)和美國(guó)的城市設(shè)計(jì)教育 本章導(dǎo)讀 1.1 教育結(jié)構(gòu) 1.2 教育規(guī)劃 1.3 教育方法 2 20世紀(jì)的城市烏托邦 本章導(dǎo)讀 2.1 城鄉(xiāng)磁鐵 2.2 花園城市 2.3 現(xiàn)代城市 2.4 現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃 2.5 伏瓦生規(guī)劃 2.6 光明城市 2.7 廣畝城市 2.8 活著的城市 3 可持續(xù)發(fā)展與亞太城市論壇報(bào)告 3.1 可持續(xù)發(fā)展設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè) 3.2 實(shí)例 3.3 全球貿(mào)易協(xié)定和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革對(duì)城市的影響 3.4 城市——經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展動(dòng)力 3.5 市民的參與與媒體的作用 3.6 城市交通 3.7 城市的物質(zhì)空間與社會(huì)空間 3.8 住房與城市的基本情況 4 適合人類發(fā)展的城市 …… 第二部分 專業(yè)學(xué)術(shù)信息 第三部分 專業(yè)詞匯
你好的！ 樓上那位是中文式英語哇！ 正常的外文資料里面叫：【project cost 】好不？ 樓主自己查查看！ 望采納！
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