Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between perceived social needs and commercial applications.Engineersconsider many fa

airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting

土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它既指建設(shè)的對象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測，設(shè)計施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。土木工程隨著人類社

要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須是英文,然后帶有中文翻譯4.論文中要出現(xiàn)摘要和參考文獻(xiàn)郵箱是1178171161@qq 如果查收符合以上要求,立即采納,不勝感激 要求如下:1.字?jǐn)?shù)50002.內(nèi)容是關(guān)于土木工程類的3.必須

我急需一篇關(guān)于土木工程的中英文翻譯論文 5000字 畢業(yè)用的

Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. Civil engineering might be considered properly commencing between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia when humans started

土木工程是一個概念，涉及的設(shè)計，建造和保養(yǎng)身體和自然的建筑環(huán)境。民間建筑和工程的行為，包括橋梁，道路，運(yùn)河， **，水壩和其他建筑物。這些都只是僅是民用建設(shè)工程，是幾個例子。土木工程是最古老的工程后，軍事工程學(xué)科

Engineersconsider many factors when developing a new product. For example, in developing an industrial robot, engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the robot抯 components; integrate

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, da

求1000字左右的土木工程英語文章 帶翻譯的

建筑 對大型建筑項目，如摩天大樓，起重機(jī)在建筑工程領(lǐng)域和土木工程特別重要，包括建造或裝配的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是一個單一的活動，大規(guī)模的建設(shè)是一個壯舉。這項工作通常是由項目經(jīng)理進(jìn)行管理，由施工經(jīng)理，設(shè)計工程師，建筑

土木工程是最古老的工程后，軍事工程學(xué)科之一。它一直以來，人類生存生活的各個方面的一個開端。直到近代也沒有土木工程與建筑之間明確的區(qū)分。民間建筑和工程的主要方面之一，是結(jié)構(gòu)工程。隨著結(jié)構(gòu)工程的結(jié)構(gòu)必須能夠成功支持本身

土木工程是一門學(xué)科，專業(yè)工程的設(shè)計，施工和維護(hù)自然的物理和環(huán)境建設(shè)，包括橋梁，道路，河渠，堤壩和建筑物的工程協(xié)議。土木工程是最古老的軍事工程后，工程學(xué)科，它被定義為區(qū)分軍事工程非軍事工程。這是傳統(tǒng)分解成若干子學(xué)科

建筑藝術(shù)是指按照美的規(guī)律,運(yùn)用建筑藝術(shù)獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)語言,使建筑形象具有文化價值和審美價值,具有象征性和形式美,體現(xiàn)出民族性和時代感。 以其功能性特點(diǎn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建筑藝術(shù)可分為紀(jì)念性建筑、宮殿陵墓建筑、宗教建筑、住宅建筑、園林建筑、生產(chǎn)

在依法行政,協(xié)助設(shè)計和建設(shè)的情況下,業(yè)主可以選擇從事建筑項目經(jīng)理。建筑承包商雇用的勞動力,一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中從事技術(shù)活,如木工,管道工,工會成員和電工工會,小工則執(zhí)行了分配給他們的工作。在施工期間,一切工作都要驗收

If You Build It …People say the government should be run more like a business. So imagine yourself as CEO. Your bridges are crumbling. Your air-traffic control system doesn’t use GPS. The Society of Ci

求一篇關(guān)于土木工程房屋建筑方面的英文文章

Build a project facilities to want to pass commonly survey, design and construction three stages, need to use engineering geological prospecting, geological investigation Hydrological geology exploration and engineering

你知道用英文怎樣告訴他人,工程師和土木工程師是干什么的嗎?SO,here:Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between

What kind of interesting work are other Civil Engineers doing right now?I'm working on an excavation for a building that is part of a Physics Experiment. We blasted our way 80ft deep into granite. The ho

Civil engineering is constructed in various construction projects referred to. It is intended to " Military " project and corresponding. In English, Civil Engineering also includes water conservancy engineering, port

Civil engineering is the oldest branch of the profession of engineering after military engineering. Many of the important things in our lives that we take for granted are the product of civil engineering.The con

土木工程英語求職信范文篇一：Distinguished leadership of your pany:Hello!Thank you very much for sparing the time to review my cover letter, I wish to give me the opportunity. As a Civil Engineering Bridge gr

求土木工程專業(yè)英語作文一片,內(nèi)容如下

平均年薪為84,140美元。與工科中的機(jī)械工程($84,770)和環(huán)境工程($85,140)不相上下，比電子工程($91,810)略低。關(guān)于美國土木工程專業(yè)申請及就業(yè)就為大家介紹到這里，希望對申請者能夠有所幫助。

1、土木工程專業(yè)簡介 土木工程（英文：Civil Engineering）是建造各類工程設(shè)施的科學(xué)技術(shù)的統(tǒng)稱。它既指所應(yīng)用的材料、設(shè)備和所進(jìn)行的勘測、設(shè)計、施工、保養(yǎng)、維修等技術(shù)活動，也指工程建設(shè)的對象。即建造在地上或地下、陸上

Civil Engineering gives us Quality of Life !翻譯：土木工程是軍事工程學(xué)演變而來的工程專業(yè)的一個最古老分支。許多我們生活中被認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的重要事物都是土木工程的產(chǎn)物。為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ罟?yīng)電力的水壩和發(fā)電站，它們的

三、土木工程工程碩士(M.Eng in Civil Engineering)工程碩士(ME)學(xué)位為學(xué)生成為執(zhí)業(yè)工程師提供了充分的準(zhǔn)備。弗吉尼亞大學(xué)的土木與環(huán)境工程系(CEE)為ME學(xué)位提供四個專業(yè)方向。環(huán)境與水資源工程 結(jié)構(gòu)工程 交通運(yùn)輸工程 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

Transport engineering，側(cè)重于海洋方面的。MSc Civil Engineering只招15-20人，想申請的一定趁早，晚了就沒有位置了。根據(jù)2016年CUG，該大學(xué)土木工程專業(yè)英國排名第20。二、申請條件 MSc Civil Engineering 均分要求： 2

土木工程 設(shè)計和修建各種公用建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)工程設(shè)施的科學(xué)技術(shù)，這些工程包括橋梁、水壩、港口、燈塔、道路、隧道和環(huán)境工程(如供水系統(tǒng))。現(xiàn)代這個領(lǐng)域還包括：發(fā)電廠、航空港、化學(xué)處理廠和污水處理設(shè)備等?，F(xiàn)在土木工程涉及的范圍

土木工程專業(yè)介紹(英文版)

Build a project facilities to want to pass commonly survey, design and construction three stages, need to use engineering geological prospecting, geological investigation Hydrological geology exploration and engineering

computers, gas turbines, helicopters, and toys.In addition to design and development, many engineers work in testing, production, or maintenance. These engineers supervise production in factories, determine the cause

If You Build It …People say the government should be run more like a business. So imagine yourself as CEO. Your bridges are crumbling. Your air-traffic control system doesn’t use GPS. The Society of Ci

土木工程是一個概念，涉及的設(shè)計，建造和保養(yǎng)身體和自然的建筑環(huán)境。民間建筑和工程的行為，包括橋梁，道路，運(yùn)河， **，水壩和其他建筑物。這些都只是僅是民用建設(shè)工程，是幾個例子。土木工程是最古老的工程后，軍事工程學(xué)科

土木工程英語作文

Civil engineering is the oldest branch of the profession of engineering after military engineering. Many of the important things in our lives that we take for granted are the product of civil engineering. The construction of the dams and power stations that provide the electricity we use every day requires civil engineers.The water and sewage treatment plants that provide us with safe water supplies require the expertise of civil engineers.The paths and roads we travel are civil engineering projects. In fact most structures, large and small, require the help of a civil engineer whether in the designing, planning or managing of the project. Civil engineers also help to preserve our environment by assisting in the cleaning up of existing pollution and planning ways to reduce future pollution of our air, land and water Civil Engineering gives us Quality of Life ! 翻譯： 土木工程是軍事工程學(xué)演變而來的工程專業(yè)的一個最古老分支。許多我們生活中被認(rèn)為是理所當(dāng)然的重要事物都是土木工程的產(chǎn)物。 為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ罟?yīng)電力的水壩和發(fā)電站，它們的建設(shè)就需要土木工程師。為我們提供安全用水的生活用水和污水處理廠也需要土木工程師的專業(yè)知識。我們出行交通所必需的道路，正是土木工程的實例。 事實上，許多建筑物，不論大小，在工程的設(shè)計、規(guī)劃和管理階段都需要土木工程師的協(xié)助。 土木工程師也通過清理現(xiàn)存的污染和規(guī)劃一些方法來減少未來空氣、土壤和水中的污染，從而幫助保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境。 土木工程為我們創(chuàng)造高品質(zhì)的人生！
Civil engineering is constructed in various construction projects referred to. It is intended to " Military " project and corresponding. In English, Civil Engineering also includes water conservancy engineering, port engineering, and in our country, water conservancy engineering and port engineering and civil engineering has also become a very close relative independent branch. Civil engineering refers to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, underwater engineering facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional and technical.
civil engineering Profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public, including bridges, canals, dams, harbors, lighthouses, roads, tunnels, and environmental works (e.g., water-supply systems). The modern field includes power plants, aircraft and airports, chemical-processing plants, and water-treatment facilities. Civil engineering today involves site investigations and feasibility studies, structural design and analysis, construction, and facilities maintenance. The design of engineering works requires the application of design theory from many fields (e.g., hydraulics, thermodynamics, nuclear physics). Research in structural analysis and the technology of materials such as steel and concrete has opened the way for new concepts and greater economy of materials. The engineer's analysis of a building problem determines the structural system to be used. Structural designs are rigorously analyzed by computers to determine if they will withstand loads and natural forces. 土木工程 設(shè)計和修建各種公用建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)工程設(shè)施的科學(xué)技術(shù)，這些工程包括橋梁、水壩、港口、燈塔、道路、隧道和環(huán)境工程(如供水系統(tǒng))?，F(xiàn)代這個領(lǐng)域還包括：發(fā)電廠、航空港、化學(xué)處理廠和污水處理設(shè)備等?，F(xiàn)在土木工程涉及的范圍還包括場地的測量和研究、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和分析、建造，以及設(shè)備的維護(hù)。工程設(shè)計的工作需要應(yīng)用許多方面的設(shè)計理論(如水力學(xué)、熱力學(xué)和核物理等)。結(jié)構(gòu)分析和材料技術(shù)的研發(fā)(諸如鋼和混凝土)已開發(fā)出更新穎的觀念和更經(jīng)濟(jì)的材料。工程師在分析一種建筑問題時，就已決定該用何種結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。計算機(jī)可精確分析結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計以判定結(jié)構(gòu)體是否承受得起載重量和自然力量。
《土木工程專業(yè)英語》共18章54篇文章，每篇文章都附有疑難詞匯、相關(guān)練習(xí)題及參考譯文和練習(xí)答案。內(nèi)容涉及土木工程、交通工程、建筑材料、現(xiàn)代建筑、荷載及設(shè)計方法、橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)、建筑施工、土力學(xué)、公路工程、環(huán)境工程、供熱與通風(fēng)工程、施工管理、項目管理、房地產(chǎn)、國際工程管理等。
土木工程是中國普通高等學(xué)校本科專業(yè)。 Civil engineering is an undergraduate major in Chinese colleges and universities. 土木工程的目的是形成人類生產(chǎn)或生活所需要的、功能良好且舒適美觀的空間和通道。 The purpose of civil engineering is to form a comfortable and beautiful space and channel with good functions required by human production or life. 它既是物質(zhì)方面的需要，也有象征精神方面的需求。 It is not only a material need,but also a spiritual need. 隨著社會的發(fā)展，工程結(jié)構(gòu)越來越大型化、復(fù)雜化，超高層建筑、特大型橋梁、巨型大壩、復(fù)雜的地鐵系統(tǒng)不斷涌現(xiàn)，滿足人們的生活需求，同時也演變?yōu)樯鐣嵙Φ南笳鳌?With the development of society, engineering structures are becoming more and more large and complex. Super high-rise buildings,especially large bridges, large dams and complex subway systems are emerging to meet people's living needs. At the same time,they have evolved into a symbol of social strength. 土木工程需要解決的根本問題是工程的安全，使結(jié)構(gòu)能夠抵抗各種自然或人為的作用力。 The fundamental problem to be solved in civil engineering is the safety of the project,so that the structure can resist various natural or man-made operation capabilities. 任何一個工程結(jié)構(gòu)都要承受自身重量，以及承受使用荷載和風(fēng)力的作用，濕度變化也會對土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生力作用。 Any engineering structure must bear its own weight and accept the action of service load and wind. The change of humidity will also have a hard work on the civil engineering structure. 在地震區(qū)，土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)還應(yīng)考慮抵御地震作用。 In the earthquake area,the civil engineering structure should also consider resisting earthquake. 此外，爆炸、振動等人為作用對土木工程的影響也不能忽略。 In addition,the impact of explosion and vibration on civil engineering can not be ignored.
civil engineering Profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public, including bridges, canals, dams, harbors, lighthouses, roads, tunnels, and environmental works (e.g., water-supply systems). The modern field includes power plants, aircraft and airports, chemical-processing plants, and water-treatment facilities. Civil engineering today involves site investigations and feasibility studies, structural design and analysis, construction, and facilities maintenance. The design of engineering works requires the application of design theory from many fields (e.g., hydraulics, thermodynamics, nuclear physics). Research in structural analysis and the technology of materials such as steel and concrete has opened the way for new concepts and greater economy of materials. The engineer's analysis of a building problem determines the structural system to be used. Structural designs are rigorously analyzed by computers to determine if they will withstand loads and natural forces. 土木工程 設(shè)計和修建各種公用建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)工程設(shè)施的科學(xué)技術(shù)，這些工程包括橋梁、水壩、港口、燈塔、道路、隧道和環(huán)境工程(如供水系統(tǒng))?，F(xiàn)代這個領(lǐng)域還包括：發(fā)電廠、航空港、化學(xué)處理廠和污水處理設(shè)備等。現(xiàn)在土木工程涉及的范圍還包括場地的測量和研究、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和分析、建造，以及設(shè)備的維護(hù)。工程設(shè)計的工作需要應(yīng)用許多方面的設(shè)計理論(如水力學(xué)、熱力學(xué)和核物理等)。結(jié)構(gòu)分析和材料技術(shù)的研發(fā)(諸如鋼和混凝土)已開發(fā)出更新穎的觀念和更經(jīng)濟(jì)的材料。工程師在分析一種建筑問題時，就已決定該用何種結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。計算機(jī)可精確分析結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計以判定結(jié)構(gòu)體是否承受得起載重量和自然力量。
金木水火土。
The urban river embankment discuss the ecological construction Anonymous XXXXXXXX Abstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future prospects. Keywords: the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situation Text: A, background River Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity high. The traditional embankment design often sin*** ? 一、背景 河流的堤岸部分是水陸交錯的過渡地帶，具有顯著的邊緣效應(yīng)。這里有活躍的物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分和能量的流動，為多種生物提供了棲息地。自然狀態(tài)下的堤岸往往物種豐富、生產(chǎn)力高。 傳統(tǒng)的堤岸設(shè)計往往會單純從防洪角度出發(fā)，采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起來高高的堤岸。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于高度的可靠性，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計后加起防護(hù)堤岸抗流水沖刷能力顯著增強(qiáng)。對于洪水暴發(fā)頻繁、侵蝕嚴(yán)重的區(qū)段，這樣的設(shè)計無可厚非，而對于一般河流堤岸的修建，這樣的設(shè)計則顯得缺乏環(huán)境的美化和綠化，同時也破壞許多對生態(tài)起重要作用的自然因素，如破壞植被與河床間的聯(lián)系，造成沖刷侵蝕轉(zhuǎn)移等。 另外，河流作為城市風(fēng)貌不可多得的珍惜資源，也是城市風(fēng)貌的特色要素，它的景觀塑造顯得十分必要。同時，堤岸景觀建設(shè)必然使濱河地區(qū)土地價值提升，濱水開發(fā)的高投資回報的特點(diǎn)更增強(qiáng)了對城市堤岸景觀建設(shè)的需求。 二、需求——堤岸的生態(tài)化建設(shè) 河流堤岸作為城市中最鄰近河流的區(qū)域，是城市與河流的銜接線，它的景觀規(guī)劃是提高城市生活品質(zhì)的需要，也是豐富城市景觀的需要。 生態(tài)化建設(shè)，它的根本思路是運(yùn)用自然本身抗干擾和自我修復(fù)的能力來處理人與自然的關(guān)系。生態(tài)設(shè)計方法不同于傳統(tǒng)用人工的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來取代自然的方法，而是用自然的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式來順應(yīng)自然的進(jìn)程。 將河岸與河道在生態(tài)上聯(lián)系起來，也就實現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分、能量的交流：對于生物，它提供了合適的棲息地；植物根系可固著土壤，枝葉可截留雨水，過濾地表逕流，抵抗流水沖刷，從而起到保護(hù)堤岸、增加堤岸結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性、凈化水質(zhì)、涵養(yǎng)水源的作用，而且隨著時間的推移，這些作用被不斷加強(qiáng)。同時，生態(tài)化建設(shè)以自然的外貌出現(xiàn)，容易與環(huán)境取得協(xié)調(diào)，造價也較低，不需要長期的維護(hù)管理。 三、河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計方式 河流堤岸生態(tài)化設(shè)計，要遵守生態(tài)設(shè)計的原則，注重地方性、保護(hù)與節(jié)約自然資本、讓自然做功、顯露自然，主要體現(xiàn)在對地域氣候環(huán)境、河流地質(zhì)地貌、水文變化的適應(yīng)，對河流生態(tài)環(huán)境的考慮，對堤岸地形的處理和對筑堤材料的選擇和構(gòu)造方式方面。 1） 人工類： 傳統(tǒng)方法是采用塊石或混凝土塊磚等堆砌?？稍诖嘶A(chǔ)上加以改進(jìn)以適應(yīng)河流景觀設(shè)計的需求。 a) 塊石或混凝土塊磚干砌，不用砂漿。這樣在砌塊之間就留有空隙，為后期濱河植物的生長提供了空間。隨著時間的推移，堤岸會逐漸呈現(xiàn)出自然的風(fēng)貌。 b) 堤岸采用臺階式分級，臺階面上的空間加以利用，種植植物。 當(dāng)然這兩種改進(jìn)方法對于河岸處現(xiàn)有植被仍存在一定的不良影響，人工痕跡也過于明顯。 2） 自然類： 充分利用堤岸植被原型，可直接將適用于濱河地帶生長的植被種植于堤岸上，利用植物的根、莖、葉來穩(wěn)固堤岸，防止侵蝕、控制沉積的同時也為生物提供了棲息地。 3） 人工自然相結(jié)合 綜合了以上兩種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，具有人工結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性和自然的外貌，見效快、生態(tài)效益好，以下為常見的兩種類型： a) 種植植物的堆石 將由大小不同的石塊組成的堆石置于與水接觸的土壤表面，再把活體切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加穩(wěn)定。根系可提高強(qiáng)度，植被可遮蓋石塊，使堤岸外貌更加自然。 b) 與植物結(jié)合使用的插孔式混凝土塊 將預(yù)制的混凝土塊以連鎖的形式置于岸底的淺渠中，再將植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土塊之間和堤岸上部，其上覆土壓實，再播種草本植物。 堤岸生態(tài)化建設(shè)也存在一定的局限性。如：選用的材料及建造方法不同，堤岸的防護(hù)能力相差很大，需要運(yùn)用多學(xué)科知識認(rèn)真分析，這就為設(shè)計人員提出了更大的挑戰(zhàn)；建造初期若受到強(qiáng)烈干擾，則會影響到以后防護(hù)作用的發(fā)揮等。這也就對河流堤岸的生態(tài)化設(shè)計提出了更高的要求。 四、國內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀 1）省會城市 在我國省會城市及計劃單列市中有近80％進(jìn)行了堤岸景觀規(guī)劃。（參考文獻(xiàn)[3]） 城 市 項目名稱 城 市 項目名稱 北 京 長河城市水系統(tǒng)綜合治理 南 寧 堤岸園工程 長 沙 湘江風(fēng)光帶 寧 波 濱江大道沿江景觀工程 成 都 府南河綠化工程 上 海 外灘、陸家嘴濱江大道 福 州 閔江江濱公園 沈 陽 渾河觀光旅游帶 廣 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景觀、芳村長堤建設(shè) 太 原 汾河公園 貴 陽 南明河景觀綠化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程 哈爾濱 松花江南岸沿江風(fēng)景長廊 武 漢 漢口江灘一二期工程 昆 明 盤龍江中段濱水生態(tài)景觀建設(shè) 西 安 灞河大水大綠工程 蘭 州 黃河風(fēng)情線 重 慶 南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道 從規(guī)劃后建成情況看，這些城市河流堤岸景觀項目都得到了當(dāng)?shù)卣c市民的肯定。在這些項目中，堤岸既可成為當(dāng)?shù)刈罹呶Φ某鞘泄珗@，如太原的汾河公園和福州的江濱公園；堤岸也可成為市民日常休閑活動的熱點(diǎn)地段，如南寧的堤路園和武漢的漢口江灘工程；堤岸還可成為城市最具特色的地段，如重慶的南濱路濱江旅游觀光大道；堤岸更可成為城市旅游的熱點(diǎn)，如上海的外灘和陸家嘴濱江大道。總之，經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃的堤岸已成為當(dāng)?shù)刈罹咛厣牡貐^(qū)。 從建設(shè)效果看，相對堤岸的原來面貌而言，統(tǒng)計資料中的這些景觀工程都是較成功的，都成為當(dāng)?shù)爻鞘嘘P(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)，成為當(dāng)?shù)卣恼児こ?，成為?dāng)?shù)氐拿裥墓こ獭３鞘泻恿鞯贪锻ㄟ^景觀規(guī)劃，有效地改善了濱河地段的環(huán)境，并帶動濱河地段的開發(fā)。但必須清醒地認(rèn)識到，這些城市堤岸景觀項目規(guī)劃并非盡善盡美，也存在這樣或那樣的問題，仍有待完善。 2）中小城市 城市經(jīng)濟(jì)實力的強(qiáng)大決定了其城市建設(shè)水平的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和高水平。 中小城市河流堤岸景觀與統(tǒng)計資料中的城市存在較大的差距，存在更多的問題。特別是由于資金問題，堤岸景觀是，純?nèi)斯?，狀態(tài)的鋼筋混凝土防洪堤，或保持自然防洪狀態(tài)的土石堤，沒有經(jīng)過景觀規(guī)劃，易造成城市資源的極大浪費(fèi)。 五、前景 目前，河流景觀建設(shè)，特別是城市河流景觀建設(shè)，在中國正方興未艾；在發(fā)達(dá)國家中也是一個久盛不衰的話題。 回顧發(fā)達(dá)國家河流景觀建設(shè)的歷史，自20世紀(jì)70年代以來，隨著人們環(huán)境意識的普遍增強(qiáng)，重視河流景觀的生態(tài)功能已成為一個時代的呼喚，河流景觀建設(shè)的生態(tài)設(shè)計方法也已得到了空前的重視和發(fā)展。他山之石可以攻玉，借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國家已經(jīng)形成的成熟的理念和做法，可以使我們少走彎路，搭上隆隆前進(jìn)的生態(tài)建設(shè)之車。
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. History of civil engineering Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields. Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations. 土木工程是一門學(xué)科，專業(yè)工程的設(shè)計，施工和維護(hù)自然的物理和環(huán)境建設(shè)，包括橋梁，道路，河渠，堤壩和建筑物的工程協(xié)議。土木工程是最古老的軍事工程后，工程學(xué)科，它被定義為區(qū)分軍事工程非軍事工程。這是傳統(tǒng)分解成若干子學(xué)科包括環(huán)境工程，巖土工程，結(jié)構(gòu)工程，交通工程，市政工程或城市，水資源工程，材料工程，海岸工程，測量，施工工程。土木工程需要在所有層次上進(jìn)行：在從市政公用部門通過聯(lián)邦的水平，并在私營部門，個別業(yè)主通過向國際公司 土木工程的歷史 土木工程是物理和科學(xué)原理的應(yīng)用，它的歷史是錯綜復(fù)雜的聯(lián)系在物理學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)的了解整個歷史的進(jìn)步。由于土木工程是一個廣泛的行業(yè)，包括一些獨(dú)立的專門的子學(xué)科，它的歷史是聯(lián)系在一起的結(jié)構(gòu)，材料科學(xué)，地理，地質(zhì)，土壤，水文，環(huán)境，機(jī)械和其他領(lǐng)域的知識。 在整個歷史上最古老的和中世紀(jì)的建筑設(shè)計和施工進(jìn)行了如石匠和木匠手藝，上升到建筑師的角色。知識是保留在很少的行會和進(jìn)步所取代。構(gòu)筑物，道路和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施存在的重復(fù)，并在規(guī)模上升的增量。 對科學(xué)方法的物理和數(shù)學(xué)問題適用于土木工程最早的例子之一是阿基米德在公元前3世紀(jì)，包括阿基米德的原則，鞏固我們的浮力的認(rèn)識，如阿基米德螺旋切實可行的解決辦法的工作。婆羅門，印度數(shù)學(xué)家，用在公元7世紀(jì)算法的基礎(chǔ)上，印度教，阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，挖掘（卷）計算。
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Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structures J.Y. Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, N.E. Shanmugam a, W.F. Chen b a Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore b School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Received 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 Abstract This paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulation is based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic coupling effects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately the elastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used to predict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered so that the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelled by using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examples including both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed analytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability 1. Introduction Two-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of plane frames composed of members with compact section, fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigation in recent years. The theory for advanced inelastic analysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has been well developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysis methods fulfil the requirements for the prediction of member strength and stability, with some constraints, satisfying the conventional column and beam–column design limit-state checks. Although there have been much work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D frame structures, the issues related to different theoretical and numerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiency in solving large frameworks are not addressed well. The research presented in this paper is an extension of advanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3– 5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisation of advanced analysis procedures. * Corresponding 改進(jìn)非線性塑性鉸空間框架結(jié)構(gòu)的分析 摘要： 這份研究報告表明三維的框架結(jié)構(gòu)與二維邏輯性塑性鉸的關(guān)聯(lián)，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入橫斷面移動為基準(zhǔn)，并考慮軸力、彎曲和扭力的移位之間的關(guān)系。發(fā)達(dá)的計算機(jī)程序作出通過每個物質(zhì)成分作為一個基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可彎曲的負(fù)載量，它也能預(yù)報可彎曲負(fù)載量與軸向扭力和橫向扭力的不穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)聯(lián)，這對預(yù)報非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的作用是必不可少的，以便非線性空間結(jié)構(gòu)的性能和部分成分一些原理能被輸入計算機(jī)。重要的非線性通過使用濃縮的塑性鉸方式被制作模型，塑性鉸和成分末端是容許存在。數(shù)值的例子包括集合學(xué)和重要的非線性，兩者習(xí)慣于證明目的的分析方法和電腦程序的穩(wěn)定性，精確性。